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In the homes before there was experiences and browser, students and admissions did fishing's good importance in including system, title, and -Ama. Realising his mistake, he then offered to renounce his rights before being judged. This offer was acceptable, both to the Prior and the King, but William, still angry, again forcibly entered the Priory, trying the King's patience. The King ordered his arrest, along with his supporters, but William refused to give up the struggle and was reinstalled, ejected and reinstalled again until in the Prior of Lewes determined to settle the matter once and for all.

While William was celebrating mass at the high altar, it seems that an armed force sent by the Prior of Lewes arrived to take possession of the Priory.


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William and his monks were outnumbered and the bloody battle that ensued ended with William and three of his monks being badly wounded. All were bound hand and foot and thrown into a cart to be carried off to Lewes, along with the Priory's common seal. Soon afterwards William died, no doubt because of the severe head wound he had received.

It is not known whether any charges of manslaughter were brought, but it seems unlikely. Ironically, if William had survived he would probably have been restored to his coveted position as Prior of Prittlewell because of this last unauthorised attack.

From Sir Richard and Prior William we move on to the insurrection that put peasants into recorded history: the Peasants' Revolt of , which proved to be an important milestone on the road to freedom.

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The labour shortage caused by the Black Death of — 9 is thought to have given the peasants some bargaining power, and they were not afraid to use it. Following the imposition of a series of taxes intended to raise money to pay for the wars with France and to cover administrative shortfalls in the economy, the government attempted to collect a further groat about 2p from every poor person over 15 years of age. Commissioners were appointed to travel to various parts of Essex to compel collection of the tax.

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The inhabitants of Fobbing, Corringham and Stanford-le-Hope were summoned to Brentwood to settle their 'debt' but they arrived in hostile mood and refused to make any further payments. The Fobbing fishermen had been excused an earlier tax because of their poverty, but this time they resorted to threats of violence against the commissioner Thomas Bampton and his sergeants, driving them back to London. Fearful of the possible consequences of their actions, the villagers hid for a while in the woods, before hunger eventually drove them back home.

Hailed as heroes, they soon began a campaign to rouse other villagers. A few days later the Chief Justice of the King's Bench had another try at collecting the tax at Brentwood but a great crowd of protesters turned up and in the subsequent brawl six men three from each faction were killed. The violence escalated and John Ewell, an Essex officer of property law , was beheaded at Langdon Hills and his head paraded on a lance. It took just a week for more than 20, men from Essex and Kent to gather and begin their march on London, setting out on 11 June.

The sheriff's manor house and the abbey at Coggeshall were looted. Southchurch Hall was allegedly ransacked and burned, although no evidence survives other than references to the destruction of court rolls presumably kept there. Hadleigh Mill was attacked and the King's books there were apparently seized. It seems these actions were part of an attempt by the marauding peasants to destroy the records of official precedents for duties and fines imposed on labourers. Local men involved included John Messenger at Prittlewell, who was later indicted as a common disturber of the peace and supporter of malefactors in the rising.

Ralph Spicer was among those hanged for taking part in the rebellion, but he was one of the luckier ones, bearing in mind that the revolt followed the introduction of the ultimate punishment: being hanged, drawn and quartered.

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When they finally reached London, the men demanded the abolition of serfdom but the very young King Richard II reneged on his initial agreement to give them 'all you seek', instead threatening even worse treatment. Opposition to yet another tax had turned into bloody armed resistance against the King. Predictably, the peasants' ill-defended encampment at Rettendon was attacked by the King's army and at least local rebels were killed.

An amnesty of sorts followed, with the sparing of men whose names appeared on a death list, but many had to forfeit possessions. One, Robert Eggot of Corringham, was obliged to surrender his homestead worth 40 shillings.

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Next we find an all-round nasty individual whose name reputedly 'stank in Essex nostrils' because of his own involvement in the slaughter of the oppressed fighting for justice. Blood-lust was seemingly one of his favourite leisure pursuits. The rack, that infamous instrument of torture at the Tower of London where Holland was Constable for a year, was not known as the 'Duke of Exeter's daughter' without good reason. Froissart, the French chronicler, portrays him as a violent ruffian. In Holland was involved with the cold-blooded murder of a Carmelite friar, who was in his custody prior to an enquiry into some unsavoury allegations.

Holland does not seem to have been indicted for this butchery. A year later, he murdered again. This time the victim was the Earl of Stafford's son, one of whose archers had slain one of Holland's esquires following a quarrel.

The Earl of Stafford demanded revenge and Holland's lands were seized shortly after. While this could be construed as a possible 'punishment', the lands were restored to him a year later after he had done no more than arrange a church service for the repose of the soul of Stafford's son — or perhaps it was because he had, in the interim, eloped with and seduced John of Gaunt's daughter, resulting in a hastily arranged marriage. Gaunt's daughter no doubt needed some kind of dowry.

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In Holland came to the Southend area. On the orders of Richard II, he ambushed the King's uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, the man who had taken control of the government by removing young Richard's friends and advisers. Woodstock was taken to Calais, where he was strangled with knotted towels and his body embalmed and cased in lead.

His body was returned by sea to Hadleigh Castle. Legend has it that the coffin was held en route at Leigh-on-Sea, which is the most likely point for it to be off-loaded. From Hadleigh Castle poor old Woodstock was taken further north to Pleshey, where he was finally laid to rest. A version of this murder is chronicled in Shakespeare's Richard II without reference to John de Holland, but of course Shakespeare was not averse to omitting 'unsuitable' material or manipulating events to suit his plots.

Two years later the situation for Holland changed and it was his turn to be on the receiving end of a foul deed. So Holland fled from Oxford to Hadleigh, the seat of the Earl of Oxford, and from there to Milton Shore, where he tried to escape by sea but was driven back and delayed by bad weather nothing changes. He seems to have taken refuge in Hamlet Mill in the area now known as Westcliff-on-Sea while waiting for conditions to improve. While enjoying dinner there with John Prittlewell he was besieged by local villagers, mostly from Milton Hamlet now part of Southend.

They 'arrested' Holland and took him to Pleshey where he was tortured and torn to pieces by Woodstock's tenants and servants in an act of savage vengeance. He was then beheaded, on the say-so of Woodstock's mother-in-law, the Countess of Hereford, and seemingly not necessarily with Henry's blessing, given that Holland was his brother-in-law.

It was generally regarded as a well-deserved fate for a man of such violent character. Although William the Conqueror banned executions throughout our green and pleasant land, they were brought back after his death in , with hanging becoming the most acceptable form of capital punishment throughout Britain, rather than the earlier, messier, beheading. By the sixteenth century summary justice for minor offences was meted out not by central or local government officials but by constables elected by the parish.

These constables were local representatives whose most important duty was probably to raise the 'hue and cry' after a robbery or murder had taken place. The parish constable was below the church warden in the parish hierarchy but he would have carried a staff of office and a pair of handcuffs. For nearly years the constables were the main force in combating crime.

The stocks were used to punish drunkards, with lock-ups to detain those awaiting trial in Chelmsford. There are records of such lock-ups in just about all the villages that preceded Southend, from Rettendon for example in the north, to Foulness in the east. The 'crime' of vagrancy was particularly common and by the end of the sixteenth century was punishable with a public flogging for both men and women , but this was preferable to being branded and sold into slavery, which could have been the punishment had they been born in a different century.

By the seventeenth century some communities had progressed from lock-ups to small gaolhouses: there had reputedly been a gaolhouse in the Shoebury area for hundreds of years by this time, and there was another one in a terrace of three houses near the junction of Downhall and London Roads in Rayleigh. Every hamlet had its own stocks and whipping post for lesser offences. Stocks stood at Parsons Corner, Shoeburyness, and a set of stocks is preserved inside the building formerly used as a lock-up in Canewdon.

Inside Little Wakering Church is an example of a whipping post, brought here from its original position for safe-keeping. If the perpetrators of more serious crimes got as far as a court trial, then it was possible for them to be sentenced to death by hanging, a public event once regarded as something of a day out for the family. Records of such events are scarce, but Samuel Pepys gives a typical account in April , describing how he stood 'upon a wheel of a cart' to get a good view, which cost him a shilling, as a 'comely-looked' man was hanged for robbery, with 'twelve to fourteen thousand people in the street'.

Struggle and Suffrage in Southend-on-Sea

The county gaol was originally at Colchester Castle, 30 miles north of Southend, but prison sentences were a rarity until the sixteenth century. The death sentence was common for offences that today seem relatively minor, such as petty theft, although stolen goods were often under-valued at less than 12 d to avoid making it a capital offence. In it became a legal requirement for each county to have its own house of correction, and the first in Essex seems to be the one recorded at Corringham in Records of local 'foul deeds', including murders, committed during this period are frustratingly brief, with no additional trial information accessible even from the National Archives at Kew.

Early cases include the alleged murder of a year-old girl, Joan Johnson, in , at 'Cannouden', now Canewdon.