Manual Drug Supplies in the American Revolution

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Table of contents

The first salaried hospital pharmacist, making 15 pounds per year, was Jonathon Roberts who worked until fulfilling the role of preparing medications requested by physicians. Medical and surgical students were often hired for short tenures in the apothecary to obtain experience in pharmacy or to simply cover their room and board expenses. John Morgan replaced Roberts in May , and he worked for only one year before using that experience as a springboard for stirring up great influence in the future direction of American pharmacy.

Morgan went on to become a physician and a vocal advocate for a more distinct separation of professions among physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists in America. Most of the drugs available in the first American hospital pharmacy could be found in the London Pharmacopoeia of , whereas very few drugs were of North American origin. Contributions from the colonies came primarily from the American Indian traditions that involved the extraction of botanical drugs such as cascara, bloodroot, and jalap. Nearly of these particular preparations used by Indians north of the Rio Grande or their derivatives are still used today.

The advent of the American Revolution made importing drugs nearly impossible, requiring an increase in the number of patented drugs from North America. The first colonial hospital pharmacy, thanks to the ingenuity and persistence of Benjamin Franklin and Dr.

Drug Supplies in the American Revolution : George B Griffenhagen :

Bond, set the stage for the development and transformation of pharmacies as we know them to today. Skip to main content. Medicolegal Issues. The Colonial Formulary.

The strange history of opiates in America: from morphine for kids to heroin for soldiers

The Hospitalist. Author s : Bethany L. Resources Bender GA. In: Great Moments in Pharmacy.

Better to Eat That Apple a Day: Medicine in the Revolutionary Era

Detroit: Northwood Institute Press; Franklin B. Some Account of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press; Harris MR, Paracandola J.

Images of Hospital Pharmacy in America. Am J Hosp Pharm. Many regimental hospitals were in nearby houses, while general hospitals for more in-depth treatment were sometimes set up in barns, churches, or other public buildings. The conditions were often cramped, which resulted in the rapid spread of contagious illnesses and infections. Supplies during the Revolutionary War were incredibly sparse. That was in part because most medicine had previously been brought in from England by ship, but since the Americans were fighting the English, that source was eliminated.

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This problem was alleviated by an alliance with the French in , who then provided medicine and other supplies to America. Even if a doctor could get his hands on some medicine for his patients, the options were still limited.


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Doctors used opiates as painkillers, but anesthetics had not been invented yet. Other common medicines included mercury compounds, lavender spirits, and cream of tartar. Woe to the soldier who required surgery after being wounded on the battlefield! The conditions in "flying" hospitals were deplorable. Not only was the operating room simply a table in a tent, but there was little thought given to keeping the table and tools clean.

In fact, wounds were sometimes cleaned using plain water from a bucket, and the used water would be saved to clean out the next soldier's wounds as well.

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If a soldier was shot with a musket ball, which had a diameter of about three-fourths of an inch, the damage was devastating, and he would most certainly require a visit to the surgeon. Since there was no anesthesia at the time, the soldier was strapped to the table to keep him restrained while the musket ball was dug from his body using tools that probably had not been washed after being used to treat the last soldier.

If the musket ball struck a bone, the damage was usually so bad that the only option was amputation, which was also performed right there in the makeshift hospital tent. Patients were strapped down and given something to bite down on, like a piece of wood or some leather, to keep them from biting off their own tongues as they endured the agony.

Content - Medicine in the Revolutionary War

Of course, none of this did anything to dull the pain; if the doctor and the other patients in the tent were lucky, the man's screams would stop when he passed out. If the patient survived, he was given opiates for his pain, but the infection caused by unsanitary conditions was frequently the cause of death.


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  4. Drug Supplies in the American Revolution Chapters.
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Content - Medicine in the Revolutionary War. Colonial Medical History and Practices : Excerpts from the archives of History Quarterly reveal the history of medicine and common practices during colonial times and the Revolutionary War. Doctors in Colonial America : Find out how doctors used opiates and bodily fluids to treat ailments.

Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Lesson Plan : Learn more about science and medicine during colonial times, including how medicine was practiced in the army. Find out who stood in as the expedition's doctor and how he prepared. Read how the hospitals were affected by the war and what they did to keep up with the demands of treating wounded soldiers.

Dissection Tools : The Smithsonian Museum houses a collection of tools used by medical students around the time of the Revolutionary War.