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Butterflies: Identification and Life History. Information on butterfly behaviour, biology and habitat are all covered in this fascinating book. Species descriptions are accompanied by stunning colour photographs of all the life stages of the butterfly, as well as their food plants or habitat.
Table of contents
Pupa - It turns into a pupa chrysalis ; this is a resting stage. Adult - A beautiful, flying adult emerges. This adult will continue the cycle. DIET Caterpillars spend most of their time eating leaves using strong mandibles jaws. A caterpillar's first meal, however, is its own eggshell.
A few caterpillars are meat-eaters; the larva of the carnivorous Harvester butterfly eats woolly aphids. Butterflies and moths can only sip liquid food using a tube-like proboscis , which is a long, flexible "tongue. Most butterflies live on nectar from flowers. Some butterflies sip the liquid from rotting fruits and a rare few prefer rotting animal flesh or animal fluids the Harvester butterfly pierces the bodies of woolly aphids with its sharp proboscis and drinks the body fluids.
HABITAT Butterflies are found all over the world and in all types of environments: hot and cold, dry and moist, at sea level and high in the mountains. Most butterfly species, however, are found in tropical areas, especially tropical rainforests. Many butterflies migrate in order to avoid adverse environmental conditions like cold weather. Butterfly migration is not well understood. Most migrate relatively short distances like the Painted Lady, the Red Admiral, and the Common Buckeye , but a few like some Monarchs migrate thousands of miles. Lepidos is Greek for "scales" and ptera means "wing".
These scaled wings are different from the wings of any other insects. Lepidoptera is a very large group; there are more types of butterflies and moths than there are of any other type of insects except beetles. It is estimated that there are about , different species of butterflies and moths there may be many more. There are about 28, butterfly species worldwide, the rest are moths. The earliest butterfly fossils are from the early Cretaceous period , about million years ago.
Their development is closely linked to the evolution of flowering plants angiosperms since both adult butterflies and caterpillars feed on flowering plants, and the adults are important pollinators of many flowering plants. Flowering plants also evolved during the Cretaceous period. Butterfly Senses. Extreme Butterflies. Butterfly Defense. Butterfly Classification.
Normally, the forewing has 10 veins arising from the discal cell or originate from veins arising from the cell, while 6 veins originate in this manner on the hindwing, but there are many variations with some veins absent or fused with one another. In the Tineidae, vein 8 of the hindwing is free throughout its length and is situated near the costar margin of the cell, while in the Pyralidae, it often is united with vein 7 beyond the discal cell but separates again before reaching the costa see figure.
Adult moths which are very similar in appearance or which have had their wings or wing patterns damaged may be positively identified by examination of their genitalia. This may be done by removing the abdomen soaking it in a ten percent aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide for twenty-four hours and then carefully dissecting the genitalia from it.
However, it is emphasized that an examination of this sort is almost impossible with a hand lens and genitalia obtained by this means are best examined by mounting them on a glass slide in a suitable medium for microscopic study Winks, This term includes only those moths capable of destroying sound, unbroken grain kernels when stored at or below the safe moisture level. They are not as abundant in terms of the number of species involved, as compared to the flour moths or secondary pests, which are principally pests in broken or damaged kernels or in milled products.
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A small buff or yellow-brown moth with a wing span of approximately 12 mm; the wings are narrow with wide fringes and the hindwings narrow sharply to points at the apices. When the moth is at rest, the wings are folded in a sloping manner over the abdomen, the antennae point backwards and are slightly raised above the wings, while the labial palpi are raised upwards like two horns Fig.
This moth is capable of attacking grains in the field and in store. The eggs are laid on the surface of the grain and after hatching the larvae bore into the grain and complete their development within the endosperm. The larvae are always inside the grain kernel except in the first instar. Under optimum conditions the life cycle is completed in approximately four to five weeks.
Butterflies
Each female lays an average of 40 eggs deposited either singly or in clusters, but individual moths have been known to lay as many as eggs. The eggs which are white when first laid, soon change to a reddish colour and are laid on wheat heads, exposed tips of corn ears in the field.
After hatching, each larva crawls to a kernel of grain and often spins a small entrance cocoon to assist in boring into the hard kernel. Aften entering the grain, it feeds on the endosperm or the germ until fully developed. It then channels out a groove to the outside of the seed and makes a weakly fastened flap over the exit hole.
The last larval instar then spins a silken cocoon in preparation for the transformation into a reddish brown pupa. The adult moth emerges after pushing open the flap prepared by the larva, since the adult is incapable of chewing its way out. The larval period lasts from 2 to 3 weeks, and pupates in 5 to 6 days. Hypothetical primitive pattern of wing venation. Based on various authors. C, costa; SC, subcosta; R. Ephestia elutella: wings de-scaled to show venation. Numerical system of notation after Hinton and Corbett, Neuration of S. Sitotroga cerealella Olivier , the "Angoumois grain moth".
Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. Dorsal view of resting adult. The advent of combine-harvesting has restricted the distribution of this pest; infestation often occurred in the field when harvested wheat was stacked to dry, but combining now reduces the possibility of this type of infestation occurring. Field infestation is now restricted to sorghum and maize corn when these grains are harvested without threshing or shelling.
In bulk grain, infestations are restricted to the surface layers only.
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This family contains 2 species associated with stored products, Sathrobrota rileyi Walsingham the "pink corn worm" or "pink scavenger caterpillar", which is a pest of cotton and corn in the southern United States causing considerable damage in both the field and storage, and S. Sathrobrota rileyi Wals. The pale grey hindwings are very narrow and edged with long fringes. A reliable indication of the presence of this pest is a large amount of loosely webbed frass that fills the interstices between the kernels or the cavities of partially consumed kernels.
The white eggs are normally laid singly but sometimes in small groups of two or three eggs. The pinkish larva feeds on the seed, husk or cob with equal voracity and is capable of inflicting serious damage to corn if allowed to mature in the field. Many of the species of this family feed on animal products such as wool, fur, skins and rarely infest stored cereals or seeds. However, they are sometimes encountered in established infestation where the larvae are scavenging on dead bodies of other insects.
The major species likely to be identified in these circumstances are:.
Butterfly - Wikipedia
A small moth wingspan mm approximately the same size as S. It infest all kinds of grain, both in the field and in storage. The larva feeds on the grain and webs the kernels together but is generally considered a minor pest of grain and spillage in temperate climates, and is found through the northern states of the US, but is less abundant than S. It is more important on rye, less important on wheat and of no economic importance on barley and oats. This species infests seeds, tobacco, stored cereals, flour, and dried vegetable materials in tropical and subtropical regions.
It is of little economic significance except in stored tobacco. There are 9 species of the family associated with stored products, while only Corcyra cephalonica Staint. Galleriinae is considered to be a subfamily of Pyralidae by Hinton , Corbett and Tams and Hinton and Corbett , which also includes the Phycitinae as well.
Wing venation of the forewing separates the two subfamilies according to Corbett and Tams 1 A medium-sized moth, with a wing span of approximately 25 mm, the wings of which are uniformly pale buff brown or grey with the veins slightly darkened. It has a tuft or crest of scales on the head, the wings are folded in a sloping manner over the abdomen with the antennae lying straight on the wings. Labial palpi are colse together and straight giving the appearance of a closed beak.
It is a cosmopolitan species more important in tropical areas and attacks a wide range of commodities including whole grain particularly rice, milled and processed cereal products, oilseeds, and nuts, and occasionally dried fruits. Larvae produce dense webbings, and when feeding on grain form silken tubes, which bind the grain kernels together into lumps. The moths live for 1 to 2 weeks, in which time the female lays betwwen 90 and eggs, laid indiscriminately and loosely in the grain mass.
Although it is frequently assumed to be predominantly a pest of rice, it is found that most other cereal grains and occasionally oilseeds and pulses are attacked. It is essential that the food source contains either linoleic acid or biotin, and the species flourishes on a low protein intake diet, but is limited by low levels of carbohydrates. The number of larval instars is variable, generally seven to eight, with the males having one fewer than the females, but both sexes taking about the same time to develop.
The females mate only once during a day period after emergence, and if copulation has not taken place, the females lay unfertilized eggs and are disinclined to mate. Males mate several times up to four times in a period of nine days thus at a normal sex ratio, many males may be deprived of the opportunity to copulate. Kuehniella in more temperate climates. The contamination of the food caused by webbing activity of the larvae, larval galleries, cocoons and frass may prove more economically significant in terms of reconditioning of the grain to make it saleable than the actual weight loss incurred through larval feeding.
The forewings are greyish buff marked in the female with a distinct black patch or spot, while in the males, the spot is smaller and has a zig-zag, reddishyellow streak across the hindportion of the forewing. The wingspan is approximately mm and is particularly attracted to walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts and ground nuts, but attacks a wide range of other commodities.
Among the flour moths are some of the commonest and most serious of grain pests. They are designated as secondary grain pests because they seldom attack sound undamaged kernels and prefer broken grains, grains previously damaged by the primary grain feeders, and more especially milled and processed cereal products. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner and the meal snout moth Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus may under favourable conditions become established in whole grain causing damage by consuming the germ.