Educating the Engineer for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Global Engineering E

Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Global Engineering Education Role of the Global Engineer in Meeting the Challenges of Society in the 21st Century.
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Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

Numerous teaching, learning, assessment, and institutional innovations in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics STEM education have emerged in the past decade. Because virtually all of these innovations have been developed independently of one another, their goals and purposes vary widely. Some focus on making science accessible and meaningful to the vast majority of students who will not pursue STEM majors or careers; others aim to increase the diversity of students who enroll and succeed in STEM courses and programs; still other efforts focus on reforming the overall curriculum in specific disciplines.

In addition to this variation in focus, these innovations have been implemented at scales that range from individual classrooms to entire departments or institutions.

By , partly because of this wide variability, it was apparent that little was known about the feasibility of replicating individual innovations or about their potential for broader impact beyond the specific contexts in which they were created. The research base on innovations in undergraduate STEM education was expanding rapidly, but the process of synthesizing that knowledge base had not yet begun. If future investments were to be informed by the past, then the field clearly needed a retrospective look at the ways in which earlier innovations had influenced undergraduate STEM education.

This volume summarizes the workshops, which addressed such topics as the link between learning goals and evidence; promising practices at the individual faculty and institutional levels; classroom-based promising practices; and professional development for graduate students, new faculty, and veteran faculty. The workshops concluded with a broader examination of the barriers and opportunities associated with systemic change.

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You may request permission to:. For most Academic and Educational uses no royalties will be charged although you are required to obtain a license and comply with the license terms and conditions. Summary of Two Workshops. For information on how to request permission to translate our work and for any other rights related query please click here. For questions about using the Copyright. Summary of Two Workshops Summary of Two Workshops Proceedings. The engineering degrees are over a quarter of the bachelor's degrees in Taiwan [ citation needed ].

In Austria , similar to Germany, an engineering degree can be obtained from either Universities or Fachhochschulen Universities of Applied Sciences. As in most of Europe, the education usually consists of a 3-year Bachelor's Degree and a 2-year Master's Degree. There are disciplines like civil engineering , electronics , information technology , etc.

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In the 5th year of HTL, as in other secondary schools in Austria, there is a final exam, called Matura. Graduates obtain an Ingenieur engineering degree after three years of work in the studied field. The beginning of higher engineering education in Bulgaria is established by the Law for Establishing a Higher Technical School in Sofia in Only two years later however because of the bombs flying over Sofia , the school was evacuated in Lovech , and the regular classes were discontinued. The learning process started again in when the University became a State Polytechnic.

In Bulgaria , engineers are trained in the three basic degrees - bachelor, master and doctor. Since the Bologna declaration , students receive a bachelor's degree 4 years of studies , optionally followed by a master's degree 1 years of studies. The science and engineering courses include lecture and laboratory education.

The main subjects to be studied are mathematics, physics, chemistry, electrical engineering and etc. The degree received after completing with a state exam or defense of a thesis. Absolvents are awarded with the Ing. Some of engineering specialties are completely traditional, such as machine building, computer and software engineering, automation, electrical engineering, electronics. Newer specialties are engineering design , mechatronics, aviation engineering , industrial engineering. The Bulgarian engineers are united in the Federation of Scientific and Technical Unions, established in It comprises 33 territorial and 19 national unions.

In Denmark, the engineering degree is delivered by either Universities or Engineering Colleges e. Engineering College of Aarhus.

Students receive first a baccalaureate degree 3 years of studies followed by a master's degree 1—2 years of studies according to the principles of the Bologna declaration, though traditionally. The engineering doctorate degree is the PhD 3 years of studies. The quality of Danish engineering expertise has long been much vaunted. Danish engineers especially from Engineering Colleges have also been praised at being very practical i.

Finland's system is derived from Germany's system. Two kinds of schools are recognized, the universities and the Ammattikorkeakoulus literally vocational college , which are some times translated as University of applied sciences. Bachelor's degree is a three-year degree as master's degree is equivalent for two-year full-time studies. The degree is a scientific, theoretical taught master's degree. Master's thesis is important part of master's degree studies. Master's degree qualifies for further study into Licentiate or Doctorate. Because of the Bologna process, the degree tekniikan kandidaatti "Bachelor of Technology" , corresponding to three years of study into the master's degree, has been introduced.

The AMK's are municipally administered schools that traditionally award 3. The aim of the degree is professional competency with less emphasis on scientific study. Although they may be called "Bachelor's degrees" in English, Finnish universities do not recognize them as equal to tekniikan kandidaatti , but require approximately one year of additional study. AMK's do not have the right to award Licentiates or Doctorates. Similarly, AMK-degree does not entitle one to apply for academic postgraduate studies without further preliminary studies at university. Other students accessing these Grandes Ecoles may come from other horizons, such as DUT or BTS technical two-year university degrees or standard two-year university degrees.

In all cases, recruitment is highly selective. Hence graduate engineers in France have studied a minimum of five years after the baccalaureate.

Engineering education - Wikipedia

It is important for the external observer to note that the system in France is extremely demanding in its entrance requirements numerus clausus, using student rank in exams as the only criterion , despite being almost free of tuition fees, and much stricter in regards to the academic level of applying students than many other systems. The system focuses solely on selecting students by their engineering fundamental disciplines mathematics, physics abilities rather than their financial ability to finance large tuition fees, thus enabling a wider population access to higher education.

The engineering profession grew from the military and the nobility in the 18th century. In Germany , the term Ingenieur engineer is legally protected and may only be used by graduates of a university degree program in engineering. Since the Bologna reforms , students receive a bachelor's degree 3—4 years of studies , optionally followed by a master's degree 1—2 years of studies.

Prior to the country adopting the Bologna system, the first and only pre-doctorate degree received after completing engineering education at university was the German Diplomingenieur Dipl. The engineering doctorate is the Doktoringenieur Dr. The quality of German engineering expertise has long been much vaunted, especially in the field of mechanical engineering.

This is supported by the degree to which the various theories governing aerodynamics and structural mechanics are named after German scientists and engineers such as Ludwig Prandtl. German engineers have also been praised at being very practical i. In Italy , the engineering degree and "engineer" title is delivered by Polytechnic Universities upon completion of 3 years of studies laurea. Additional master's degree 2 years and doctorate programs 3 years provide the title of "dottore di ricerca in ingegneria".

Students that started studies in Polytechnic Universities before when Italy adopted the Bologna declaration need to complete a 5 years program to get the engineer title. In this case the master's degree is obtained after 1 year of studies. Only people with an engineer title can be employed as "engineers".

Still, some with competence and experience in an engineering field that do not have such a title, can still be employed to perform engineering tasks as "specialist", "assistant", "technologist" or "technician". But, only engineers can take legal responsibility and provide guarantee upon the work done by a team in their area of expertise. Sometimes a company working in this area, which temporarily does not have any employees with an engineer title must pay for an external service of an engineering audit to provide legal guarantee for their products or services.

In the Netherlands there are two ways to study engineering, i. Or at the university, which offers a more academically oriented degree with the pre-nominal ir. Both are abbreviations of the title Ingenieur. In when the Netherlands switched to the Bachelor-Master system. This is a consequence of the Bologna process.

In this accord 29 European countries agreed to harmonize their higher education system and create a European higher education area. In this system the professional schools award bachelor's degrees like BEng or BASc after four years study. And the universities with engineering programs award the bachelor's degree BSc after the third year. A university bachelor is usually continuing his education for one or two more years to earn his master's degree MSc.

Adjacent to these degrees, the old titles of the pre-populated system are still in use. A vocational bachelor may be admitted to a university master's degree program although often they are required to take additional courses. After that, one can continue studies, and after 2 years of post-graduate programme supplementary studies can obtain additional M. The mgr degree formerly until full adaptation of Bologna process by university could be obtained in integrated 5 years B.

Doktor Nauk Chemicznych lit. In Portugal, there are two paths to study engineering: In theory, but many times not so much in practice, the polytechnic path is more practical oriented, the university path being more research oriented. In this system, the polytechnic institutes award a licenciatura bachelor in engineering degree after three years of study, that can be complemented by a mestrado master in engineering after two plus years of study. Regarding the universities, they offer both engineering programs similar to those of the polytechnics three years licenciatura plus two years mestrado as mestrado integrados integrated master's in engineering programs.

The mestrado integrado programs take five years of study to complete, awarding a licenciatura degree in engineering sciences after the first three years and a mestrado degree in engineering after the whole five years. Further, the universities also offer doutoramento Ph.

Being an holder of an academic degree in engineering is not enough to practice the profession of engineer and to have the legal right of the use of the title engenheiro engineer in Portugal. For that, it is necessary to be admitted and be a member of the Ordem dos Engenheiros Portuguese institution of engineers.

At the Ordem dos Engenheiros, an engineer is classified as an E1, E2 or E3 grade engineer, accordingly with the higher engineer degree he or she holds. Holders of the ancient pre-Bologna declaration five years licenciatura degrees in engineering are classified as E2 engineers. In Romania , the engineering degree and "engineer" title is delivered by technology and polytechnics universities upon completion of 4 years of studies.

Additional master's degree 2 years and doctorate programs 4—5 years provide the title of "doctor inginer". Students that started studies in Polytechnic Universities before when Romania adopted the Bologna declaration needed to complete a 5 years program to get the engineer title.

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Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation was a first Russian educational institution founded by Peter the Great in It provided Russians with technical education for the first time and much of its curriculum was devoted to producing sailors, engineers, cartographers and bombardiers to support Russian expanding navy and army.

Then in , the Saint Petersburg Military engineering-technical university becomes the first engineering higher learning institution in the Russian Empire , after addition of officers classes and application of five-year term of teaching.

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So initially more rigorisms of standards and teaching terms became the traditional historical feature of the Russian engineering education in the 19th century. Several technical and economic universities offer year master study in the fields of chemistry, agriculture, material technology, computer science, electrical and mechanical engineering, nuclear physics and technology or economics.

A bachelor's degree in similar field is prerequisite. Like with any other degree in Spain, students need to pass a series of examinations based on Bachillerato's subjects Selectividad , select their bachelor's degree, and their marks determine whether they are access the degree they want or not.

Students receive first a grado degree 4 years of studies followed by a master's degree 1—2 years of studies according to the principles of the Bologna declaration, though traditionally, the degree received after completing an engineering education is the Spanish title of "Ingeniero". Using the title "Ingeniero" is legally regulated and limited to the according academic graduates. These programmes typically offers a strong backing in the natural sciences, and the degree also opens up for doctoral PHD studies towards the degree "teknologie doktor".

Engineering physics , Chemistry , Civil engineering , surveying , Industrial engineering and management, etc. In Turkey , engineering degrees range from a bachelor's degree in engineering for a four-year period , to a master's degree adding two years , and to a doctoral degree usually four to five years. The title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree, and the use of the title by others even persons with much more work experience is illegal.

The Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects UCTEA was established in and separates engineers and architects to professional branches, with the condition of being within the framework of laws and regulations and in accordance with the present conditions, requirements and possibilities and to also establishes new Chambers for the group of engineers and architects, whose professional or working areas are similar or the same.

Approximately, graduates of 70 related academic disciplines in engineering, architecture and city planning are members of the Chambers of UCTEA. In the UK, like in the United States and Canada , most professional engineers are trained in universities, but some can start in a technical apprenticeship and either enroll in a university engineering degree later, or enroll in one of the Engineering Council UK programmes level 6 - bachelor's and 7 - master's administered by the City and Guilds of London Institute.

A recent trend has seen the rise of both bachelor's and master's degree higher engineering apprenticeships. Many of these institutions date back to the 19th century, and have previously administered their own engineering examination programmes. They have become globally renowned as premier learned societies. The degree then counts in part to qualifying as a Chartered Engineer after a period usually 4—8 years beyond the first degree of structured professional practice, professional practice peer review and, if required, further exams to then become a corporate member of the relevant professional body.

The term 'Chartered Engineer' is regulated by Royal Assent and its use is restricted only to those registered; the awarding of this status is devolved to the professional institutions by the Engineering Council. In the UK, most engineering courses take three years for an undergraduate bachelors BEng and four years for an undergraduate master's.

Students who read a four-year engineering course are awarded a Masters of Engineering as opposed to Masters of Science in Engineering [11] Some universities allow a student to opt out after one year before completion of the programme and receive a Higher National Diploma if a student has successfully completed the second year, or a Higher National Certificate if only successfully completed year one.

Many courses also include an option of a year in industry, which is usually a year before completion. Students who opt for this are awarded a 'sandwich' degree. BEng graduates may be registered as an " Incorporated Engineer " by the Engineering Council after a period of structured professional practice, professional practice peer review and, if required, further exams to then become a member of the relevant professional body. Again, the term 'Incorporated Engineer' is regulated by Royal Assent and its use is restricted only to those registered; the awarding of this status is devolved to the professional institutions by the Engineering Council.

In the UK, the term "engineer" is applied to non-degree vocations such as technologists , technicians , draftsmen , machinists , mechanics , plumbers , electricians , repair people, semi-skilled and even unskilled occupations. In recent developments by government and industry, to addressing the growing skills deficit in many fields of UK engineering, there has been a strong emphasis placed on dealing with engineering in school and providing students with positive role models from a young age.

In Canada , there are 43 institutions offering engineering accredited programs delivering a bachelor's degree after a term of 4 years. Accreditation means that students who successfully complete the accredited program will have received sufficient engineering knowledge in order to meet the knowledge requirements of licensure as a Professional Engineer.

Eng programs can qualify for professional license by association examinations.