Buy Science at Sea: Meeting Future Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research Fleet on leondumoulin.nl ✓ FREE SHIPPING on qualified orders. Science at Sea and millions of other books are available for Amazon Kindle.
Table of contents
- Science at Sea: Meeting Future Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research Fleet
- Looking for other ways to read this?
- IN ADDITION TO READING ONLINE, THIS TITLE IS AVAILABLE IN THESE FORMATS:
- Science at Sea: Meeting Future Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research Fleet
- Paw Paws Stories!
- 10 Steps to Winning Texas Holdem Poker (Holdem Strategy Charts)?
- Raising a Teenager: Parents and the Nurturing of a Responsible Teen;
- Science at sea : meeting future oceanographic goals with a robust academic research fleet.
Ship-based research will remain a necessary aspect of oceanographic research in the future Chapter 2. Research vessels are also needed for tracer experiments, for mea- surement of chemical components of the ocean that do not currently have sensors capable of autonomous use, and for studies of deep sea biodiver- sity and geology. The largest research vessels of the fleet will be required for global oceanographic surveys.
In addition, ship-based calibration and validation will continue to be essential for both over-the-side instruments and satellite remote sensing data streams. Coastal regions that experience the greatest human impacts will need capable Regional and smaller class vessels. Research vessels will also be needed for geological explorations of the seafloor, including large-scale seafloor mapping, seismic surveys, and drilling. Finally, the academic fleet will continue to play a unique and essential role in atmospheric chemistry research programs, providing access to the marine atmosphere with a duration and payload unmatched by other platforms.
New technologies are likely to increase the need for research ships that are capable of supporting multidisciplinary, multi-investigator sci- ence Chapter 3. Highly qualified marine support staff will be increasingly required for successful cruises. Ocean observatories and autonomous vehicles will impact future vessel design require- ments for acoustic communications, deck space, payload, berthing, launch and recovery, and stability.
Precise positioning will be needed to support off- board vehicles. Deployment, recovery, and maintenance of autonomous vehicles, remotely operated vehicles, and moorings that support long- term ocean observatories will require adaptable, technologically capable ships with large laboratory and deck spaces. Servicing ocean observatories and launching and recovering autonomous vehicles will result in increased demands for ship time.
There is a need for increased ship-to-shore bandwidth, in order to facilitate real-time, shore-based modeling and data analysis in support of underway programs, allow more participation of shore-based scientists, and increase opportunities for outreach. Oceanographic research needs and advances in technology will drive many aspects of future oceanographic ship design Chapter 4 , increasing laboratory, deck space, and berthing.
Research vessel design must accom- modate evolving research trends and unforeseen technological advances, while continuing to meet specific disciplinary needs. Supporting future research needs will require both highly adaptable general purpose ships and spe-. The need to investigate societally relevant research questions in remote areas and inclement weather conditions will require some vessels that are capable of operating in high latitudes and high sea states.
Science at Sea: Meeting Future Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research Fleet
More capable Coastal, Regional, and Global class ships will also be needed. Research vessels acquired through the Navy have had little oppor- tunity for scientific community involvement regarding design needs and specifications. Each black dot represents a float that has returned data within the last 30 days B and C used with permission from Argo Project Office, http: The expendable gliders will likely have minimal sensor capabilities, however, and the continued use of fully configured, recoverable gliders is anticipated. Because of their low drag shape and minimal buoyancy when surfaced, gliders are difficult to recover.
Their recovery is quite sensitive to weather conditions because of their low visibility on the surface and their potential for collision with the ship when they are hauled aboard. These changes will also benefit AUVs, discussed in the next section. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Typical tasks for present-day AUVs include high-resolution seafloor mapping and measuring oceanographic phenomena such as tempera- ture and salinity anomalies on spatial scales on the order of hundreds of kilometers over time scales of several days to perhaps weeks.
With the advent of submerged docking stations described in the section on ocean observatories , AUV duration limits will effectively be removed for areas with the required infrastructure. However, because docking stations will require fixed infrastructure, continued use of survey AUVs in an expedi- tionary mode where they are launched and recovered for each battery charge is expected. The level of autonomy for AUV operations should increase signifi- cantly in the near future.
Survey AUVs are usually operated today with continuous monitoring from a surface vessel. In many cases, the high cost of the vehicle combined with the possibility of problems makes continuous monitoring prudent. This situation is certain to change as navigation techniques evolve and operational confidence improves.
Looking for other ways to read this?
When vehicle operations have reached a level of maturity that does not include continuous monitoring, oceanographic vessels will be needed to service fleets of AUVs. Autonomous system operations will require ships that are equipped with specialized acoustic systems, lab space and berthing for operators, and launch and recovery of OTS handling gear.
Acoustic systems used to track multiple vehicles using ultrashort baseline USBL navigation with integrated acoustic communications capabilities will be required for sophisticated multivehicle operations. These systems will likely become part of the vessel infrastructure and should not be adversely affected by noise radiated by the vessel.
Safe and efficient launch and recovery of a variety of AUVs will also place demands on future vessel design. The operation of multiple AUVs from a single vessel will require careful layout of deck space and may even require a different trade-off between deck and laboratory space. Furthermore, the deck used for AUV recovery, whether aft or amidships, would benefit from being closer to the waterline than it is on most current research vessels. AUVs are also likely to alter the composition of seagoing scientific teams with possible impact on lab space and berthing.
Fleets of AUVs could generate very large datasets requiring teams of skilled personnel for processing; alternatively, the data processing requirement could be decreased by the ability to connect to shore via broadband communications. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles A relatively new technology for oceanographic research is the unmanned aerial vehicle.
Most current UAVs are derived from recent military applications and are fairly expensive and complex Winokur, As the technology becomes proven and adapted to the ocean envi- ronment, less expensive UAVs are likely to be used for research in remote areas and those with large areal extents. As the use of ship-launched UAVs increases, launch and recovery options are likely to be factored into future ship designs. They are used for a variety of purposes, including water, rock, and biological sampling; deployment and recovery of equip- ment; collection of still and video imagery; and seafloor mapping.
ROVs have a number of requirements in common with their AUV counterparts, including OTS handling systems that allow safe and efficient launch and recovery as well as limited freeboard of the deck from which they are launched. In addition, because ROVs are attached to a ship via cable, they frequently require a specialized winch and wire system that accurately monitors the length of cable between the instrument and the vessel and can recover wire very quickly in the event unexpected entanglements are encountered.
ROVs generally also need good ship DP in order to reliably navigate through treacherous terrain to acquire samples. Support teams for ROVs can be as large as AUV teams, so similar concerns about avail- able lab space and berths apply. At present many research vessels can accommodate ROV operations without extensive modification, but use of these systems in the future would be improved by designing vessels that are more stable, with greater deck and lab space and more capable OTS launch and recovery systems. An equally important trend will be robust ROVs that are capable of deploying and servicing heavy pieces of equipment and recovering large rock samples from the seafloor.
At present, the larger ships in the fleet are equipped with the HiSeasNet system http: Several UNOLS vessels are in the process of installing a system that will provide up to kbps of addi- tional bandwidth. It contributes to science operations by allowing the exchange of data, models, and ideas between seagoing scientists and. Satellite observations and shore- based modeling of data collected aboard ship can be used to guide an experiment, and it is expected that this will occur with increasing sophis- tication and seamlessness in the near future.
If complex instrumentation breaks down, satellite Internet connections allow shipboard technicians to interact with experts ashore to troubleshoot and make repairs. Internet availability also enhances educational and outreach activities by con- necting the world to the ship through telecasts, web pages, and blogs.
It provides scientists and crew with access to the web and personal email, improving the quality of life aboard the ship and playing a significant role in crew retention. In some cases, shore-based scientists sitting in a control room could participate in or even direct the exploration and sampling of the seafloor, while stream- ing live video to aquariums, museums, and schools served as a powerful education and public outreach tool. The NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer will make extensive use of such telepresence to engage shore-based scientists and the public in ocean exploration.
Within the UNOLS fleet the trend toward increasing bandwidth and decreasing costs of digital connectivity will likely influence science opera- tions.
However, it is unlikely to lead to decreasing demands for science berths. A typical science party includes personnel to control the experi- ment, run equipment, log operations, and process samples and data and provides berths to students who are receiving at-sea training and experi- ence that is critical to their career development. As experiments become increasingly multidisciplinary and technically complex, the demands for science berths will increase.
Similarly, scheduling that optimizes the use of ship time by supporting several experiments on a single leg will also increase the demand for science berths. Viewed in this context, the emerging availability of a telepresence at sea provides a means to alleviate the pressure for science berths while enhancing the efficiency of operations.
IN ADDITION TO READING ONLINE, THIS TITLE IS AVAILABLE IN THESE FORMATS:
Although it is technically feasible to participate in science operations from a shore-based control center, it is difficult over the long term to balance the regular routine of shore-based life with the unpredictable hour schedule of operations and decision making at sea. Instead, telepresence is likely to become a useful tool for involving shore-based scientists and technicians in intense components of a cruise that last only for a short duration, data analysis tasks that can.
The OOI aims to establish an interactive, globally distributed network of sensors in the oceans that will use pioneering tech- nology to facilitate new research approaches. The system will have three components: These three field components will be integrated by a system-wide cyberinfrastructure that will allow scientists to access data in near real time and adapt their experi- ments to changing conditions.
Since , the design of the OOI has evolved considerably in the face of technical challenges and budgetary constraints.
Science at Sea: Meeting Future Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research Fleet
As a result, the ship time requirements are substantially less than initially envisioned. Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released.
Unfortunately, this book can't be printed from the OpenBook. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a PDF. Looking for other ways to read this? The National Academies Press. Page 76 Share Cite. Page 77 Share Cite. Page 78 Share Cite. Page 79 Share Cite.
- Related Resource.
- Ruth: Under the Wings of God.
- Open Season (Joe Pickett series Book 1).
- Find a copy online.
Page 80 Share Cite. Login or Register to save! The History of the U.