In the Library

If I know that the person is currently inside the library but I am far away from the library (let's say a few miles away), should I use 'in' or 'at'?.
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Dr Oliver Wrong, best known as an academic and clinical nephrologist, was a salt and water physician. Meaning that he was mostly interested in what simple substances such as water, potassium, sodium, and magnesium could reveal about life — which… Continue reading. The Wellcome Library preserves many historical works from Islamic countries.

Often these works have titles that bear no relation to their content, or sometimes works on very different topics have the same or similar titles. Many works on medicine contain… Continue reading. One of these women is the fascinating and adventurous Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Lady Mary Montagu was a celebrity in… Continue reading.

Over 30, clay tablets from the Library of Ashurbanipal have been discovered at Nineveh, [9] providing modern scholars with an amazing wealth of Mesopotamian literary, religious and administrative work. The tablets were stored in a variety of containers such as wooden boxes, woven baskets of reeds, or clay shelves. The "libraries" were cataloged using colophons, which are a publisher's imprint on the spine of a book, or in this case a tablet. The colophons stated the series name, the title of the tablet, and any extra information the scribe needed to indicate. Eventually, the clay tablets were organized by subject and size.

Unfortunately, due to limited to bookshelf space, once more tablets were added to the library, older ones were removed, which is why some tablets are missing from the excavated cities in Mesopotamia. According to legend, mythical philosopher Laozi was keeper of books in the earliest library in China, which belonged to the Imperial Zhou dynasty.

The Library of Alexandria , in Egypt , was the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world. The library was built to store 12, scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus.

At the library - giving personal information

Private or personal libraries made up of written books as opposed to the state or institutional records kept in archives appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. The celebrated book collectors of Hellenistic Antiquity were listed in the late 2nd century in Deipnosophistae.

All these libraries were Greek. The cultivated Hellenized diners in Deipnosophistae pass over the libraries of Rome in silence. By the time of Augustus, there were public libraries near the forums of Rome. The state archives were kept in a structure on the slope between the Roman Forum and the Capitoline Hill. Private libraries appeared during the late republic: Seneca inveighed against libraries fitted out for show by illiterate owners who scarcely read their titles in the course of a lifetime, but displayed the scrolls in bookcases armaria of citrus wood inlaid with ivory that ran right to the ceiling: At the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum , apparently the villa of Caesar's father-in-law, the Greek library has been partly preserved in volcanic ash; archaeologists speculate that a Latin library, kept separate from the Greek one, may await discovery at the site.

In the West, the first public libraries were established under the Roman Empire as each succeeding emperor strove to open one or many which outshone that of his predecessor. Rome's first public library was established by Asinius Pollio. Pollio was a lieutenant of Julius Caesar and one of his most ardent supporters. After his military victory in Illyria, Pollio felt he had enough fame and fortune to create what Julius Caesar had sought for a long time: It was the first to employ an architectural design that separated works into Greek and Latin.

All subsequent Roman public libraries will have this design. During this construction, Augustus created two more public libraries. The first was the library of the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine, often called the Palatine library , and the second was the library of the Porticus of Octaviae. Vespasian's library was constructed in the Forum of Vespasian , also known as the Forum of Peace , and became one of Rome's principal libraries. The Bibliotheca Pacis was built along the traditional model and had two large halls with rooms for Greek and Latin libraries containing the works of Galen and Lucius Aelius.

Trajan's Column separated the Greek and Latin rooms which faced each other. Unlike the Greek libraries, readers had direct access to the scrolls, which were kept on shelves built into the walls of a large room. Reading or copying was normally done in the room itself.


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The surviving records give only a few instances of lending features. Most of the large Roman baths were also cultural centres, built from the start with a library, a two-room arrangement with one room for Greek and one for Latin texts. Libraries were filled with parchment scrolls as at Library of Pergamum and on papyrus scrolls as at Alexandria: There were a few institutional or royal libraries which were open to an educated public such as the Serapeum collection of the Library of Alexandria , once the largest library in the ancient world , [16] but on the whole collections were private.

In those rare cases where it was possible for a scholar to consult library books, there seems to have been no direct access to the stacks. In all recorded cases, the books were kept in a relatively small room where the staff went to get them for the readers, who had to consult them in an adjoining hall or covered walkway. Most of the works in catalogs were of a religious nature, such as volumes of the Bible or religious service books. In the early Middle Ages, Aristotle was more popular. Additionally, there was quite a bit of censoring within libraries of the time; many works that were "scientific and metaphysical" were not included in the majority of libraries during that time period.

Cicero was also an especially popular author along with the histories of Sallust. One of the most popular was Ovid, mentioned by approximately twenty French catalogues and nearly thirty German ones. Han Chinese scholar Liu Xiang established the first library classification system during the Han dynasty , [28] and the first book notation system. At this time, the library catalogue was written on scrolls of fine silk and stored in silk bags. During the Late Antiquity and Middle Ages periods, there was no Rome of the kind that ruled the Mediterranean for centuries and spawned the culture that produced twenty-eight public libraries in the urbs Roma.

Christianity was a new force in Europe and many of the faithful saw Hellenistic culture as pagan. As such, many classical Greek works, written on scrolls, were left to decay as only Christian texts were thought fit for preservation in a codex, the progenitor of the modern book. Thus a seventeenth-century edition of the Ignatian epistles, in Mar Saba, had copied onto its last pages, probably in the early eighteenth century, a passage allegedly from the letters of Clement of Alexandria".

In Byzantium, much of this work devoted to preserving Hellenistic thought in codex form was performed in scriptoriums by monks. These libraries were devoted solely to the education of the monks and were seen as essential to their spiritual development. As a result, many of these Greek works were copied, and thus saved, in monastic scriptoriums. As a result, Byzantium revived Classical models of education and libraries.

Constantine himself wanted such a library but his short rule denied him the ability to see his vision to fruition. His son Constantius II made this dream a reality and created an imperial library in a portico of the royal palace. Constantius II appointed Themistius , a pagan philosopher and teacher, as chief architect of this library building program. Themistius set about a bold program to create an imperial public library that would be the centerpiece of the new intellectual capital of Constantinople. Themeistius hired calligraphers and craftsman to produce the actual codices.

He also appointed educators and created a university-like school centered around the library. After the death of Constantius II, Julian the Apostate , a bibliophile intellectual, ruled briefly for less than three years. Despite this, he had a profound impact on the imperial library and sought both Christian and pagan books for its collections.

At its height in the 5th century, the Imperial Library of Constantinople had , volumes and was the largest library in Europe. Patriarchal libraries fared no better, and sometimes worse, than the Imperial Library. The Library of the Patriarchate of Constantinople was founded most likely during the reign of Constantine the Great in the 4th century. The library, which employed a librarian and assistants, may have been originally located in the Patriarch's official residence before it was moved to the Thomaites Triclinus in the 7th century.

While much is not known about the actual library itself, it is known that many of its contents were subject to destruction as religious in-fighting ultimately resulted in book burnings. During this period, small private libraries existed. Many of these were owned by church members and the aristocracy. Thus, in the 6th century, at the close of the Classical period , the great libraries of the Mediterranean world remained those of Constantinople and Alexandria.

Cassiodorus , minister to Theodoric, established a monastery at Vivarium in the toe of Italy modern Calabria with a library where he attempted to bring Greek learning to Latin readers and preserve texts both sacred and secular for future generations. As its unofficial librarian, Cassiodorus not only collected as many manuscripts as he could, he also wrote treatises aimed at instructing his monks in the proper uses of reading and methods for copying texts accurately.

In the end, however, the library at Vivarium was dispersed and lost within a century. Through Origen and especially the scholarly presbyter Pamphilus of Caesarea , an avid collector of books of Scripture, the theological school of Caesarea won a reputation for having the most extensive ecclesiastical library of the time , containing more than 30, manuscripts: Gregory of Nazianzus , Basil the Great , Jerome , and others came and studied there.

By the 8th century, first Iranians and then Arabs had imported the craft of papermaking from China, with a paper mill already at work in Baghdad in Early paper was called bagdatikos, meaning "from Baghdad", because it was introduced to the west mainly by this city. They were called "house of knowledge" or dar al-'ilm. They were each endowed by Islamic sects with the purpose of representing their tenets as well as promoting the dissemination of secular knowledge. In Shiraz , Adhud al-Daula d.

The buildings were topped with domes, and comprised an upper and a lower story with a total, according to the chief official, of rooms In each department , catalogues were placed on a shelf In this period, books were organized by subject. Within the subject, the materials were further organized by when the libraries gained the item, not by last name of the author or the title of the book.

Also, Islamic libraries may be the first to have implemented a catalogue of owned materials. The content of a bookshelf was recorded on paper and attached to the end of shelf. Arab-Islamic people also were very favorable of public knowledge. Public libraries were very popular along with mosque, private, and academic libraries. Instead of being available to the elite of society, such as caliphs and princes, information was something that was offered to everyone.

Some of the libraries were said to let patrons check out up to items. These buildings were also made for comfort of the readers and information seekers. It was said that the rooms had carpets for sitting and reading comfortably. Also, openings such as doors and windows were secured closed as to protect patrons against cold drafts. This flowering of Islamic learning ceased centuries later when learning began declining in the Islamic world , after many of these libraries were destroyed by Mongol invasions.

Others were victim of wars and religious strife in the Islamic world. However, a few examples of these medieval libraries, such as the libraries of Chinguetti in West Africa , remain intact and relatively unchanged. Another ancient library from this period which is still operational and expanding is the Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi in the Iranian city of Mashhad , which has been operating for more than six centuries.

From there they eventually made their way into other parts of Christian Europe. These copies joined works that had been preserved directly by Christian monks from Greek and Roman originals, as well as copies Western Christian monks made of Byzantine works. The resulting conglomerate libraries are the basis of every modern library today. Buddhist scriptures , educational materials, and histories were stored in libraries in pre-modern Southeast Asia. In Burma , a royal library called the Pitakataik was legendarily founded by King Anawrahta ; [60] in the 18th century, British envoy Michael Symes , on visiting this library, wrote that "it is not improbable that his Birman majesty may possess a more numerous library than any potentate, from the banks of the Danube to the borders of China".

In Thailand, libraries called ho trai were built throughout the country, usually on stilts above a pond to prevent bugs from eating at the books. Thus, "the onus of being the last ' People of the Book ' engendered an ethos of [librarianship]" [62] early on and the establishment of important book repositories throughout the Muslim world has occurred ever since.

Like the Christian libraries, they mostly contained books which were made of paper , and took a codex or modern form instead of scrolls; they could be found in mosques, private homes, and universities, from Timbuktu to Afghanistan and modern day Pakistan. In Aleppo , for example, the largest and probably the oldest mosque library, the Sufiya, located at the city's Grand Umayyad Mosque, contained a large book collection of which 10, volumes were reportedly bequeathed by the city's most famous ruler, Prince Sayf al-Dawla.

Modern Islamic libraries for the most part do not hold these antique books; many were lost, destroyed by Mongols , [64] or removed to European libraries and museums during the colonial period. In the Early Middle Ages , monastery libraries developed, such as the important one at the Abbey of Montecassino in Italy. Despite this protectiveness, many libraries loaned books if provided with security deposits usually money or a book of equal value. Lending was a means by which books could be copied and spread. In , the council of Paris condemned those monasteries that still forbade loaning books, reminding them that lending is "one of the chief works of mercy.

Shelves built above and between back-to-back lecterns were the beginning of bookpresses. The chain was attached at the fore-edge of a book rather than to its spine. Book presses came to be arranged in carrels perpendicular to the walls and therefore to the windows in order to maximize lighting, with low bookcases in front of the windows.

This "stall system" i. In European libraries, bookcases were arranged parallel to and against the walls. This "wall system" was first introduced on a large scale in Spain's El Escorial. Also, in Eastern Christianity monastery libraries kept important manuscripts. From the 15th century in central and northern Italy, libraries of humanists and their enlightened patrons provided a nucleus around which an " academy " of scholars congregated in each Italian city of consequence.

Malatesta Novello , lord of Cesena , founded the Malatestiana Library. Cosimo de' Medici in Florence established his own collection, which formed the basis of the Laurentian Library. In the 16th century, Sixtus V bisected Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere with a cross-wing to house the Apostolic Library in suitable magnificence. The 16th and 17th centuries saw other privately endowed libraries assembled in Rome: These libraries don't have as many volumes as the modern libraries.

However, they keep many valuable manuscripts of Greek, Latin, and Biblical works. Tianyi Chamber , founded in by Fan Qin during the Ming dynasty , is the oldest existing library in China. In its heyday, it boasted a collection of 70, volumes of antique books. The 17th and 18th centuries include what is known as a golden age of libraries; [72] during this some of the more important libraries were founded in Europe.

Francis Trigge Chained Library of St. Wulfram's Church, Grantham , Lincolnshire was founded in by the rector of nearby Welbourne. Chetham's Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in Shrewsbury School also opened its library to townsfolk. At the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries.

The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries. Before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks. Even though the British Museum existed at this time and contained over 50, books, the national library was not open to the public, or even to a majority of the population. Access to the Museum depended on passes, of which there was sometimes a waiting period of three to four weeks. Moreover, the library was not open to browsing.

Once a pass to the library had been issued, the reader was taken on a tour of the library. Many readers complained that the tour was much too short. At the start of the 19th century, there were virtually no public libraries in the sense in which we now understand the term i. The increase in secular literature at this time encouraged the spread of lending libraries, especially the commercial subscription libraries.

Many small, private book clubs evolved into subscription libraries, charging high annual fees or requiring subscribing members to purchase shares in the libraries. The materials available to subscribers tended to focus on particular subject areas, such as biography , history , philosophy , theology , and travel , rather than works of fiction, particularly the novel. Unlike a public library , access was often restricted to members. Some of the earliest such institutions were founded in late 17th century England, such as Chetham's Library in , Innerpeffray Library in , and Thomas Plume's Library in Parochial libraries attached to Anglican parishes or Nonconformist chapels in Britain emerged in the early 18th century, and prepared the way for local public libraries.

The increasing production and demand for fiction promoted by commercial markets led to the rise of circulating libraries , which met a need that subscription libraries did not fulfil. Subscription libraries were democratic in nature; created by and for communities of local subscribers who aimed to establish permanent collections of books and reading materials, rather than selling their collections annually as the circulating libraries tended to do, in order to raise funds to support their other commercial interests.

Even though the subscription libraries were often founded by reading societies, committees, elected by the subscribers, chose books for the collection that were general, rather than aimed at a particular religious, political or professional group. The books selected for the collection were chosen because they would be mutually beneficial to the shareholders. The committee also selected the librarians who would manage the circulation of materials. In Britain, there were more than commercial circulating libraries open in , more than twice the number of subscription and private proprietary libraries that were operating at the same time.

Many proprietors pandered to the most fashionable clientele, making much ado about the sort of shop they offered, the lush interiors, plenty of room and long hours of service. Private subscription libraries functioned in much the same manner as commercial subscription libraries, though they varied in many important ways. One of the most popular versions of the private subscription library was a gentleman's only library. Membership was restricted to the proprietors or shareholders, and ranged from a dozen or two to between four and five hundred.

The Liverpool Subscription Library was a gentlemen only library. In , it was renamed the Athenaeum when it was rebuilt with a newsroom and coffeehouse.

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It had an entrance fee of one guinea and annual subscription of five shillings. The largest and most popular sections of the library were History, Antiquities, and Geography, with titles and 6, borrowings, and Belles Lettres, with titles and 3, borrowings. Private subscription libraries held a greater amount of control over both membership and the types of books in the library. There was almost a complete elimination of cheap fiction in the private societies. The highest percentage of subscribers were often landed proprietors, gentry, and old professions.

Towards the end of the 18th century and in the first decades of the nineteenth, the need for books and general education made itself felt among social classes created by the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. Just then, the lights begin to go out around them. Wary of the warning regarding shadows, they race through the Library aisles until they reach a well-lit room. The doors are locked, but Donna kicks them open. There they see a spherical security camera hovering in the air. In her living room, the little girl opens her eyes at the same moment the camera shuts itself down.

The Doctor scans the camera with his sonic screwdriver.


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    4. The girl screams, terrified by the sound of the sonic screwdriver inside her head. The camera sends the Doctor a message that begs him to stop the noise, which he does. The camera and the girl both warn that "others" are coming; the Library has "been breached". The door opens, and a team of explorers in spacesuits enter.

    Silence in the Library (TV story) | Tardis | FANDOM powered by Wikia

    The leader walks up to the Doctor and greets him, "Hello, sweetie. Another member of the group complains that there shouldn't be anyone else there, he had paid for exclusive rights to the expedition. On hearing the word "expedition", the Doctor questions whether they're archaeologists and says that, as a time traveller, he points and laughs at archaeologists.


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    The leader then introduces herself as Professor River Song , archaeologist. She clearly knows the Doctor, but he does not know her. Professor Song explains that her team are there with Mr Strackman Lux , whose family built the Library, to learn why it has been sealed for the last hundred years. The Doctor quickly organises the team to make sure the area is well lit. He says the shadows are occupied by the Vashta Nerada , microscopic, carnivorous creatures which use shadows to hunt and latch onto their prey.

    The team work to find a way out of the Library. It seems to be about his life. She tries to find out in which part of the Doctor's life she's in but realises he is so young he does not know her. From his perspective, this is the first time they have met. She, on the other hand, seems to know him well. One of the team activates one of the computer systems, and causes a steadily repeated sound exactly like a ringing phone.

    At the same moment, the girl hears the phone in her house ringing, although her father doesn't. She hesitates to answer and the phone stops ringing. The Doctor hacks into the computer. The young girl then sees the Doctor and the team on her television , replacing the cartoon she was watching. A disturbance occurs and the Doctor loses the image of the girl. As he hacks into the computer, he sees River Song's diary and moves to pick it up.

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    River Song stops him, saying it's against the rules - his rules. The girl fiddles with the television's remote. Books fly into the air from the shelves in the Library. Donna calms Mr Lux's assistant, Miss Evangelista. The word "CAL" appears at times on the Library screens. The Doctor asks Mr Lux about it. Mr Lux refuses to help, claiming that he is protecting his family's pride. The Doctor berates him and tells him that the team is in grave danger. Miss Evangelista sees a secret door when the girl pushed a random button from the remote.

    She tries to tell the others, but they don't listen. She wanders off and is quickly killed by the Vashta Nerada. The team find Miss Evangelista's skeleton.