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In his book Tajikistan in the Mirror of History, published in , Rahmon on whether the ideology is taking root, the proliferation of jokes in Dushanbe about.
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For an authorised translation, the publisher must first negotiate and sign a contract with the author's agents, The Blair Partnership. Rowling's website. The publishers select translators locally. Translators were not granted access to the books before their official release date in English; hence, translation could start only after the English editions had been published, creating a lag of several months before the translations were made available.

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This necessary delay has boosted the sales of English language editions of the books to impatient fans, in countries where English is not the first language. Such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English edition became the first English-language book ever to top the bookseller list in France. The high profile and demand for a high-quality local translation means that a great deal of care is often taken in the task.

In some countries, such as Italy, the first book was revised by the publishers and issued in an updated edition in response to readers who complained about the quality of the first translation. In countries such as China and Portugal, the translation is conducted by a group of translators working together to save time. Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well known before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book.

Golyshev was previously best known for having translated William Faulkner and George Orwell , [4] and was known to snub the Harry Potter books in interviews and refer to them as inferior literature. The Turkish translation of books two to five was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator. Oddly enough, it has been difficult to accurately determine with any degree of certainty exactly how many languages Harry Potter has been translated into. As best as can be determined as of , The Philosopher's Stone has been officially translated from the original English into 76 [6] other languages, the most recent being Belarusian, in December [7] , preceded by Hawaiian, in August and Scots, [note 1] [10] which was released on 23 November Rowling's [13] [10] sites have recently stated that the books have been translated into 79 languages their count would now likely be 83 with the subsequent release of Belarusian [7] , release [14] of Hawaiian, the release [11] of Scots and a new Mongolian translation ; [15] however, it has been argued that number actually represents the number of authorized translations of The Philosopher's Stone plus the original English.

The 83 total does not include other linguistically interesting language editions: there have been many regional adaptations of the books to accommodate regional dialects, for example the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan. There have been transliterations of translations into different scripts English Braille , Serbian Cyrillic , there have been major revisions of the Spanish and Italian translations and there have been any number of unauthorized translations.

The government of Kazakhstan has ordered a Kazakh translation of the Harry Potter novels to be made [17] and the Government of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have also ordered a Tajik, Uzbek and Kyrgyz translation. Some translations, such as those to the dead Latin and Ancient Greek languages, were done as academic exercises, to stimulate interest in the languages and to provide students of those languages with modern reading texts.

The Ancient Greek version, according to the translator, is the longest text written in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD, and took about a year to complete. Note that in some countries, such as Spain and India, the book has been translated into several local languages see section on publishers ; sometimes the book has been translated into two dialects of the same language in two countries for example, separate Portuguese versions for Brazil and for Portugal. The original British English versions of the book were published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury.

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There is no complete official list of authorised translations currently available. Editions exist in the following languages including the original :. Basque Country , i. Matthew Fitt I []. Mladinska knjiga []. The impatience of the international Harry Potter fan community for translations of the books has led to the proliferation of unauthorised or pirate translations that are often hastily translated and posted on the internet chapter-by-chapter, or printed by small presses and sold illegally.

The work may be done by multiple translators to speed the process. Such translations are often poorly written and riddled with errors. Cases have occurred in many areas of the world, but China is one of the most common areas of the world for unauthorised translations and pirated editions to be sold. One notable case involved a French year-old who published serialised translations of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows online.

He was arrested and his site was later shut down; however, the wife of the official translator noted that these works do not necessarily hurt the official translation. Another example occurred in Venezuela in , when an illegal translation of the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , appeared soon after the release of the English version and five months before the scheduled release of the Spanish translation.

The pirate translation was apparently so bad that the translator added messages, including "Here comes something that I'm unable to translate, sorry," and "I'm sorry, I didn't understand what that meant" in some sections. Two people were arrested in connection with the pirated version. Another case involved the internet fan translation community, Harry auf Deutsch , formed to translate the Harry Potter books into German more rapidly. In some countries, when there were no authorised translations into the local language, translations not sanctioned by J.

Rowling were prepared and published. Such was the case, for example, in Sri Lanka , where the books have been unofficially translated into Sinhala and possibly into Tamil.


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In Iran , several unauthorised translations of the Harry Potter books exist side by side. According to one source, there may be as many as 16 Persian translations in existence concurrently. Rowling's representatives did not respond to offers from Esperanto-USA to make the translation available for publication. An on-line petition aimed at raising interest in the Esperanto translation has obtained support from approximately individuals.

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Agents representing J. Rowling have stated in the past that they cannot and do not intend to prevent individuals from translating Rowling's books for their own personal enjoyment, as long as the results are not made available to the general public. Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are published pastiches or fanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to pass off as the translation of the real book by Rowling.

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There have been several such books, the most famous of which is probably Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong which was written and published in China in , before the release of the fifth book in Rowling's series, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. It is a common practice within the publishing industry to make minor changes in the text of books written in one region for publication in other regions.

For example, there are a number of differences in American and UK English spelling conventions; generally publishers change the spellings to conform to the expectations of their target market. Adaptation may also extend to vocabulary or grammatical choices that might impair legibility or impart some cognitive dissonance.

Readers usually wouldn't be aware of the adaptations, but the choice to change the title of the American edition of the first Harry Potter book from Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone to Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone highlighted the practice and drew considerable attention. The book's title was changed due to the American publisher's concern that children would be confused by a reference to philosophy.

Other translations have also changed the first book's title, for instance, the French translation which changed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone to Harry Potter at the School of Wizards for the same reason as the American translation, citing that the reference to the Philosopher's Stone legend was "too obscure for a book aimed at the youth.

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Other translations also have regional adaptations that have largely gone without much notice. It is worth noting that some translations were completed when adaptations possibly would have been sufficient; for example, any of the Serbian , Croatian or Bosnian translations could have been adapted for each region; however, the complexities political and linguistic identity in the region probably precluded that choice. The American English adaptations have by far received the most attention. A comprehensive list of differences between the American and British editions of the books is collected at the Harry Potter Lexicon web site.

Although it is common to adapt any text from British to American editions, [] in the case of the Harry Potter books, this standard practice has drawn criticism from readers who feel that the British English adds flavour to the series. In an Associated Press interview, Rowling described how the alterations to the American editions came about:. Rowling pretended to bang her head against the sofa in mock frustration.

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Her American editor pointed out that the word jumper — British for pullover sweater — means a kind of dress in American. She had had no idea. I wasn't trying to, quote, "Americanize" them What I was trying to do is translate, which I think is different. I wanted to make sure that an American kid reading the book would have the same literary experience that a British kid would have. The same article, however, points out that some British dialect was retained in the books, and in some cases certain phrases were replaced with more stereotypical British phrases, such as "spanking good" for "cracking.

Regional adaptations have sometimes—incorrectly—been referred to as "translations" as in the quote above ; however, the changes in the text of an adaptation do not nearly encompass the scope of a translation.


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A native speaker generally would not be able to tell the difference between two adaptations without careful reading. A translation requires a translator who will be credited for the work—notably, an adaptation will by performed by an editor probably with the assistance of software and the original translator will remain credited as such. The Harry Potter series presents many challenges to translators, such as rhymes, acronyms, dialects, culture, riddles, jokes, invented words, and plot points that revolve around spellings or initials. These have been dealt with by various translators with different degrees of modification to the meaning of the original text.

The translator of the second book chose the translating strategy instead, and she renamed the houses, "Hufflepuff" becoming "Puffendui" and "Ravenclaw" becoming "Kogtevran" from the Russian word for claw, "kogot'". Many of the nuances of British culture and language will be unfamiliar to international readers. Such things require careful and creative translating. Nonstandard English present in the book also had to be given careful consideration.

The character Rubeus Hagrid 's West Country dialect , for example, needed to be rendered in other languages to reflect the fact that he speaks with an accent and uses particular types of slang. This could mislead readers into thinking that these features of the house and boarding systems didn't exist in real-world British schools.


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The series involves many songs, poems, and rhymes, some of which proved difficult to translators.