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No olvidaré las conversaciones de fısica y de no fısica con Dani, Diego, Javi, Jo˜ao Hay un lugar especial aquı para Irene, el gusano que me ha acompa˜nado y soportado . Sin embargo se entiende que debe haber cierta memoria, cierto rema- .. φ∂tφ. The fact that these two possibilities may give the same dispersion.
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Papers Table of contents 28 papers About About these proceedings Table of contents Search within book. Front Matter Pages Maahs, Sriram Sankaranarayanan. Pages Runtime Adaptation for Actor Systems. Jyotirmoy V. Assuring the Guardians. Monitoring Electronic Exams. Monitoring Real Android Malware. Runtime Verification Through Forward Chaining.
Yes Yes. The direct or strong coupling solves simultaneously both system equations considering all the variables, see Figure 2. In this case, the electromagnetic and thermal unknown parameters are part of the global matrix used to solve the problem. It is much more complex and is just used when there is a high interaction between both problems and the processes have similar time constants.
Considering that usually time constants of the electromagnetic and ther- mal processes are different, for most IH applications the indirect coupling is valid. First of all, the analytical methods are introduced, presenting a more com- plex analytical method with an equivalent circuit based on 5 parameters.
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These parameters are the workpiece resistance Rw , the coil resistance Rc , the gap inductance La , the workpiece inductance Lw and the coil induc- tance Lc. Regarding the electrical efficiency, this model presents a similar behavior to the model presented in Section 1. Analytical methods are simple and rough methods of calculation used be- fore, that allow dealing with simple geometries using materials with constant properties.
Even they use and results are very limited, they can serve for a first approach for power converter designers in case of not having appropri- ate numerical simulation softwares. However, in case of needing an accurate and precise analysis it is mandatory to use numerical methods.
The emergence of high performance computers and the decrease of their cost have facilitated the incorporation of numerical methods in IH industry.
Nowadays, the development of commercial softwares is favoring the adoption of numerical methods by IH designers. In IH applications, numerical methods are usually based on the resolu- tion of Maxwell equations assuming the magnetoquasistatic approximation and using their harmonic form. There are many methods of solving these equations classified in two main groups: differential and integral methods.
There is not an unique resolution method for all the cases. Depending on the application, one method, another or their com- bination may be preferable. It has to be noted that in IH the combination of thermal and electromagnetic problems pose a difficulty. Concerning this,. Although numerical methods are becoming more and more popular and play an important role in IH, there are still some barriers for their incorpo- ration in small and medium research groups and enterprises.
The usability of commercial softwares has improved clearly in last years, becoming much more intuitive and user friendly. However, their complexity still require of highly skilled staff completely devoted to the resolution of these problems. Anyway, it has to be stressed that 1D softwares for not so highly skilled staff exist, an example of that is Elta c , with which is possible to realize an analysis in few minutes and starting from zero.
Another barrier for the use of these softwares in small and medium laboratories and enterprises starting in this field is their cost. Chapter 3 Induction heating converters 3. To have a high varying current in the inductor, most authors tend to use an oscillatory circuit formed by the inductor and a capacitor in series or in parallel. This oscillatory circuit, also known as resonant tank, is usually fed by a converter, whose characteristics depend on the frequency, the power and the type of resonant tank. IH converters belong to the so-called load-resonant converters family, [21, p.
Commutating at resonant frequency allows having more efficient equipments, which may be essential in some high frequency applications, although the main reason is that permits having higher currents in the in- ductor.
There are many criteria to make a classification of IH converters, for example the one presented in [2, p. One common criteria is classifying the converters according to the type of resonant tank, where the most basic topologies are those based on series and parallel tanks, as shown in Figu- re 3. In most IH applications, the converters used derive from them. In this chapter, the basic concepts and main topologies regarding IH con- verters are introduced. First of all with the ideal circuit and afterwards some additional considerations are given.
Next, an overview of other structures, as well as their basic bibliography, is provided in Section 3. Finally, the main ideas.
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Inductor- Inductor- workpiece workpiece. For the sake of simplicity, the inductor-workpiece system is modeled dur- ing the whole chapter by a constant resistance and inductance in series. This assumption is based on the model described in Chapter 1. In this case, the tank behaves as a current source and the inverter used is a voltage-fed inverter, which means that the inverter is fed with a constant voltage source.
This implies that the inverter is fed by a capacitor with a high capacitance value that maintains the voltage constant.
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In Figure 3. In most applications above 5 kW, the inverter used is the H-bridge [22], as shown in Figure 3. This topology is used because allows transmitting the same power with less current for a given voltage Ue [21, p. Considering that the application of this study is the industrial heating of round wires, where the converters have a power of more than tens of kilowatts, the H- bridge structure is the most commonly found.
This is the reason why the H-bridge is the inverter used during the whole study. In voltage-fed inverters, two switches of the same inverter leg cannot be turned-on at the same time, otherwise short-circuit occurs. The time be- tween the turning-off of one of these switches and the turning-on of the. Series tank Voltage-fed series resonant inverter Voltage-fed inverter.
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In this topology, antiparallel diodes are neces- sary to allow inductors current conduction when the opposite switches are turned-off. In the following sections, some concepts regarding the converters oper- ation and control are introduced. Firstly, in Sections 3.
After this, in Section 3. Afterwards, in Section 3. Finally, in Sec- tion 3. In this case, the resonant frequency r is equal to the undamped natural frequency n and the transfer function at this frequency is equal to. In this case, the tank is composed of an Req of m, an L of 9. Observing this figure, there is an unique maximum at approximately kHz, corresponding to the resonant frequency. Bearing in mind that Hs is the inverse of the impedance see Equation 3. Therefore, if a voltage with a frequency equal to the resonant frequency feeds the RLC circuit, the current is maximum and so it is the heat generated in the workpiece.
One of the reasons of using these oscillatory circuits in IH applications is that they allow high currents using relatively low voltages. Another thing observed in Figure 3. Under these circumstances, the inductive and the capacitive part cancel each other and the voltage and current are in phase. Thus, the switching losses are theoretically zero because the current is close to zero during the commutation.
This is the reason why IH converters can commutate at higher frequencies.
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This commutation process without losses is generically known as soft- switching, contrarily to the conventional hard-switching, where losses do. Figure 3. There are two basic switching mechanisms with regards to soft- switching: zero voltage switching ZVS and zero current switching ZCS. ZVS is associated to the turn-on of the switch, that is realized with zero volt- age, while ZCS is associated to the turn-off of the semiconductor, that occurs without current. These concepts are frequently used during this section and the following ones to explain the commutation mechanisms occurring in IH converters.
The quality factor is presented in Section 1. In this section the relation between this Q factor and the electrical parameters is discussed. Firstly, explaining the relation between the quality factor and the current waveform and, secondly, explaining the relation between this factor and the voltage on the tank components.