Introduction¶. This is the documentation for Twig, the flexible, fast, and secure template engine for PHP. If you have any exposure to other text-based template.
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The documentation page for the extends tag describes more advanced features like block nesting, scope, dynamic inheritance, and conditional inheritance. Twig also supports multiple inheritance with the so called horizontal reuse with the help of the use tag. This is an advanced feature hardly ever needed in regular templates. There are two approaches: The automatic escaping strategy can be configured via the autoescape option and defaults to html. If manual escaping is enabled, it is your responsibility to escape variables if needed. Any variable you don't trust.
Escaping works by piping the variable through the escape or e filter:. By default, the escape filter uses the html strategy, but depending on the escaping context, you might want to explicitly use any other available strategies:. Whether automatic escaping is enabled or not, you can mark a section of a template to be escaped or not by using the autoescape tag:.
By default, auto-escaping uses the html escaping strategy.
Extending Twig | Bolt Documentation
If you output variables in other contexts, you need to explicitly escape them with the appropriate escaping strategy:. It is sometimes desirable or even necessary to have Twig ignore parts it would otherwise handle as variables or blocks. For bigger sections it makes sense to mark a block verbatim. Macros are comparable with functions in regular programming languages.
They are useful to reuse often used HTML fragments to not repeat yourself. A macro is defined via the macro tag. Here is a small example subsequently called forms. Macros can be defined in any template, and need to be "imported" via the import tag before being used:. Alternatively, you can import individual macro names from a template into the current namespace via the from tag and optionally alias them:. If extra positional arguments are passed to a macro call, they end up in the special varargs variable as a list of values.
Twig allows expressions everywhere. The operator precedence is as follows, with the lowest-precedence operators listed first: The simplest form of expressions are literals. Literals are representations for PHP types such as strings, numbers, and arrays. The following literals exist:.
Everything between two double or single quotes is a string. They are useful whenever you need a string in the template for example as arguments to function calls, filters or just to extend or include a template. If the string contains a backslash e. Integers and floating point numbers are created by just writing the number down. If a dot is present the number is a float, otherwise an integer. Arrays are defined by a sequence of expressions separated by a comma , and wrapped with squared brackets []. This is the value returned when a variable does not exist. Using double-quoted or single-quoted strings has no impact on performance but string interpolation is only supported in double-quoted strings.
Twig allows you to calculate with values. This is rarely useful in templates but exists for completeness' sake. The following operators are supported:. Twig also support bitwise operators b-and , b-xor , and b-or. The following comparison operators are supported in any expression: You can also check if a string starts with or ends with another string:. For complex string comparisons, the matches operator allows you to use regular expressions:. You can use this filter to perform a containment test on strings, arrays, or objects implementing the Traversable interface.
The is operator performs tests. Tests can be used to test a variable against a common expression. The right operand is name of the test:. Go to the tests page to learn more about the built-in tests. Creates a sequence based on the operand before and after the operator this is just syntactic sugar for the range function:.
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Note that you must use parentheses when combining it with the filter operator due to the operator precedence rules:. Converts all operands into strings and concatenates them. Gets an attribute of an object. The result of evaluating that expression is inserted into the string:. The first newline after a template tag is removed automatically like in PHP.
Whitespace is not further modified by the template engine, so each whitespace spaces, tabs, newlines etc. Use the spaceless tag to remove whitespace between HTML tags:. In addition to the spaceless tag you can also control whitespace on a per tag level. It is only when they stop their hooting around 4: It is the silence that has roused me.
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A very faint light creeps over my tent, almost like a shadow. I feel I am suspended in that fleeting moment between night and day, between the animals of the dark and those who emerge with the light. I am inhabiting a precious liminal moment. At 52, I am suspended between youth and old age and this sense of being between things seems to be the frequency I am tuned to. I am feeling it everywhere. A strange sense of total and utter wellbeing consumes me.
And then the birds of the morning take over. The woods around me fill with sound. Life can continue for another day. We are to find a partner and forage for our lunch. I am paired with Lynx. We walk together down a lane away from the camp. Lynx had seen some very young, green spruce buds.
She shows me how to remove the brown husks from the lime-green almond-shaped buds. They have a sharp, astringent lemony taste. She spots a curved slice of fallen tree bark to put them in. With her survival skills, Lynx shares similarities with Preppers. But, rather than fill her bunker with dried food, bottled water and ammunition, she is prepared in another way: The Doomsday approach of Preppers who see themselves surviving the economic collapse by storing up on man-made supplies is based on fear and a mistrust of government.
A bunker lined with tin cans and bars of gold is finite, whereas Lynx has the skills needed to survive indefinitely — skills that can be passed on. They might both share a mistrust of the system, but their approach could not be more different. We all place our foraged food onto a picnic table. The colours are spectacular. We silently take turns trying every plant, taking in the smells and tastes and textures: It is like eating a fairytale.
That afternoon we are to begin our baskets. This is what the sticks are for. I break into a sweat. I have only ever made one basket and it looked like those photos of webs made by spiders on LSD: Lynx shows us how to strip the bark from our hazel sticks, how to bend them and tie them into a U-shape using animal hide as string. I feel my body move in sync with the making of my basket: I bend to make the wood bend, my muscles contract when I tie the struts together. When the deer hide is soaking, I stand, relaxed, watching it soften in the water.
This work is three-dimensional, tactile. There are smells and sounds — it is anathema to the flat, backlit screens we all spend our days staring into. It is this physical dimension I have been craving without knowing it. On our second-to-last day, there is a snow flurry. As the snow gets heavier, we take shelter in the lodge, the one structure with a roof, and watch the grove of beeches bleach to white. A wind whips the flakes around us. Lynx announces we will walk out onto the moor with what we can fit in our baskets and we will camp without tents.
Many of us think she is joking and look at each other and laugh. We go silent as we realise she is being absolutely serious. I am not prepared to camp in the snow. The following morning the inside of my tent is a golden pink. I step out onto crispy, white grass. We hike out late morning walking through bluebell meadows, crossing streams on bridges made of fallen granite slabs and we say hello to the inhabitants of the few small towns we pass through.
They stare at our buckskin and hazel baskets strapped to our backs. We are filthy and giggle like children at the disconnect between us and the villagers with their Lidl bags, heading home to their running water and televisions. After about three or four hours we come to a wall of Herculean boulders. On the other side is a tiny patch of flat ground, just big enough to cradle a fire and our bodies around it. We set up camp and Katie heats up some leftover stew made from Chunko the lamb, whom we had been eating throughout the week. She adds nettles and throws a few garlic heads into the fire along with some sweet potatoes.
We eat with our hands and there is something wonderfully primitive about being here, eating like this from the land. We sing, we laugh, we chat. The group is one unit now. After dinner, I am told the temperature will sink below freezing. I move my bivvy bag from between two slabs of rock to a spot next to Tiffany, a woman with a surplus of blankets.
We agree to ignore the ticks. I go to bed before the others. The buds on the twig are an important diagnostic characteristic, as are the abscission scars where the leaves have fallen away. The color, texture, and patterning of the twig bark are also important, in addition to the thickness and nature of any pith of the twig.
There are two types of twig, vegetative twigs and fruiting spurs. Fruiting spurs are specialized twigs that generally branch off the sides of branches and are stubby and slow-growing, with many annular ring markings from seasons past. The age and rate of growth of a twig can be determined by counting the winter terminal bud scale scars, or annular ring marking, down the length of the twig.
Also birds likes twigs because they can sit on it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.