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Millions of them seek shelter in the cracks and crevices under the ice first one or two years of their lives under the sea ice of the central Arctic.
Table of contents

• The threat from beneath
• Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice: How Are They Different? – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
• Polar ice cap
• Surviving in the twilight
• Trapped: why 300 scientists are locking themselves in Arctic ice

If we are provocative and get people to think about this, that is good. I am confident it would.

But we do need to put a realistic cost on these things. We have to give them alternative options, though equally we need to price them. The Arctic ice cap reaches its maximum extent every March and then, over the next six months, dwindles. The trough is reached around mid-September at the end of the melting season.

The threat from beneath

The ice growth cycle then restarts. However, the extent of regrowth began slackening towards the end of the last century. Climate change deniers claim this loss is matched by gains in sea ice around the Antarctic. It is not.

Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice: How Are They Different? – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Threads collapsed expanded unthreaded. Loading comments… Trouble loading? Climate models disagree wildly on how much more the Arctic will heat up as the concentration of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere rises and sea ice dwindles. Among the data will be continuous measurements of the heat exchanged between the atmosphere and the Arctic surface over the four seasons.

This information will help scientists to understand why the region is warming at least twice as fast as the rest of the globe, says Mark Serreze, director of the National Snow and Ice Data Center at the University of Colorado Boulder. The models are also poor at representing changes in cloud cover and cloud properties, which have a substantial effect on the Arctic climate, he notes.

MOSAiC will hopefully provide just that. Changes happening in the Arctic have enormous environmental implications far beyond the region, says Serreze. Thawing permafrost, for example, threatens to release large amounts of carbon locked in frozen soils. And the Arctic is linked with the atmosphere and the climate at lower latitudes. Some scientists suspect that Arctic warming is altering the meandering high-altitude air currents — known as jet streams — that drive the weather across the entire Northern Hemisphere.

But the amplification of Arctic warming might also be the result of changes in global atmospheric circulation, rather than the cause. Participants will each spend about 10 weeks on the ship. Scientists, food and supplies will be ferried to and from the vessel by one of four icebreakers.

Polar ice cap

Life and work under extreme Arctic conditions is a special experience, physically and emotionally, says Rex, who plans to spend 10 months on board. The buoys are simple rounded white plastic cases, and inside them are GPS devices that send location information back to land. As the ice drifts, it will take the buoy with it and ping back information on where the piece of ice it is resting on goes, almost in real time.

Scientists must identify the best floes on which to deposit their buoys, to give them the best chance of staying on the ice and providing useful data Credit: Martha Henriques. Smolyanitsky props his elbow against the helicopter window, looking out at the ice.

During the flight his role is to help with navigation, identifying suitable floes on which to deploy the buoys and the larger instrumentation of the network. Today, the buoys we are dropping off are small and light, so it should be relatively easy to find suitable ice. For the larger floes, though, the process has been a challenge. Smolyanitsky has been using microwave images from two satellites to get an initial picture of the floes in the region.

When floes interact with the pieces of ice around them, the more angular pieces are broken off. A floe close to a circle or an oval will have survived this and be less likely to break down further.

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On the satellite imagery, the contrast of the floe with the surrounding thinner ice can also be a useful clue — but trusting satellite imagery alone can be deceptive , as the expedition has already found out. Today, there is no particular target floe in mind. The buoys can be dropped on any substantial-looking piece of ice. Young, thin ice is dark grey and gets whiter as it thickens. Thick ice is able to support more bright white snow, as it provides more insulation from the warm ocean beneath. Picking out shades of white and grey from the air is getting harder in the dusk of the first weeks of polar night.

The ice all looks a dull blueish colour and the contrast between the types of ice is getting harder to see. But after about an hour, Smolyanitsky spots a potential deployment site. The helicopter technician puts on a harness attached to a wire inside before opening the door. He tears off the end of a brown cardboard tube and starts the flare using a cigarette lighter. In a few seconds he has thrown it out of the door, leaving behind a singed smell. The technician braces himself with both hands on the frame while he sticks his head out into the wind to watch the flare fall.

I look out of the window to see it on the ice below us, letting off streams of black smoke that help the pilot judge the wind speed and direction for our descent. We touch down and the scientists climb out and find a spot for the buoy. There is no way of knowing whether the floe would be able to support the considerable bulk of the MI The scientists are back inside the helicopter in less than a minute, and we take off again to head back to the ship.

In the polar night, the ice all takes on a bluish colour, and distinguishing between types becomes harder Credit: Martha Henriques. When not searching for thick ice floes for buoys, Smolyanitsky searches for the opposite: areas of thin ice or leads of open water to help the ship navigate a safe passage through the ice.

Surviving in the twilight

Even if the ship is capable of breaking thick ice, this is riskier and requires more fuel. It has been especially important on this expedition because icebergs are becoming more common in the Arctic, says Smolyanitsky. Icebergs — large bodies of ice that split or calve from ice sheets on land — are often held in place by ice attached to the shore, known as fast ice.

The metre or so that is visible is about the same height as a harmless pressure ridge, but a bergy bit, which has origins on land, is made of more compact freshwater ice. So far, Smolyanitsky has seen three bergy bits from the ship this expedition — and we have been able to steer well clear of them. But even with the best planning, the ice can be deceptive. One night, the ship runs up to a piece that will not budge.

When this happens, the only thing that the Fedorov can do is back up, reversing into the blocks of ice piling up in its wake, and then blast forward again to ram the ice.

Trapped: why 300 scientists are locking themselves in Arctic ice

The crew try this once. Then they try it again. It shows a smooth curve from the north to the south, until an abrupt stop. Then there is a close zig-zag, as the ship rams the same piece of ice back and forth. The drift of the ice meanwhile carries the ship north. There are so many tight zig-zags on the map, it would take careful poring over them to count how many times we rammed.