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This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world , and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations.

Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity individual or corporate has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. This became part of the War of when open conflict broke out between American soldiers and the Red Sticks of the Creek.

Lossing's history of the United States of America : from the aboriginal times to the present day

Army of the Northwest. He set out to retake the city, then defended by the British Colonel Henry Procter together with Tecumseh and his forces. A detachment of Harrison's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22, Some prisoners were taken to Detroit, but Procter left those too injured to travel with an inadequate guard; they could not prevent some of his Native American allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as 60 wounded Americans, many of whom were Kentucky militiamen.

American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the Natives, but the fort held out. The Indians eventually began to disperse, forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return to Canada. Their second offensive in July against Fort Meigs also failed.

After they were repulsed with serious losses, the British and Tecumseh ended their Ohio campaign. His decisive victory against the British ensured American control of the lake, improved American morale after a series of defeats, and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit. General Harrison launched another invasion of Upper Canada, which culminated in the U. Tecumseh was killed there, and his death effectively ended the North American indigenous alliance with the British in the Detroit region.

American control of Lake Erie meant the British could no longer provide essential military supplies to their aboriginal allies, who dropped out of the war. The Americans controlled the area during the remainder of the conflict. They became known as the " Absentee Shawnee. Although they were closely allied with the Cherokee led by The Bowl , their chief John Linney remained neutral during the Cherokee War. In appreciation for their neutrality, in the late s, after Texas had achieved independence from Mexico, its Texan president Mirabeau Lamar fully compensated the Shawnee for their improvements and crops at the time of forcing their removal from Texas north to Arkansas Territory.

They were joined by Shawnee pushed out of Kansas see below , who shared their traditionalist views and beliefs. They shared these lands with some Seneca who had migrated west from New York. In a series of treaties, including the Treaty of Lewistown , Shawnee and Seneca people exchanged land in western Ohio with the United States for land west of the Mississippi River. The main body of Shawnee in Ohio followed Black Hoof , who fought every effort to force the Shawnee to give up their homeland.

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This movement was largely under terms negotiated by Joseph Parks , who had been raised in the household of Lewis Cass and had been a leading interpreter for the Shawnee. Missouri joined the Union in After the Treaty of St. Louis in , the 1, Missouri Shawnee were forcibly relocated from Cape Girardeau along the west bank of the Mississippi River to southeastern Kansas , close to the Neosho River.

During , only Black Bob's band of Shawnee resisted removal. The Shawnee Methodist Mission was built nearby to minister to the tribe. About of the Ohio Shawnee followed the prophet Tenskwatawa and had joined their Kansas brothers and sisters here in In the mids two companies of Shawnee soldiers were recruited into United States service to fight in the Seminole War in Florida. One of these was led by Joseph Parks, who was given the rank of captain. Parks was a significant landholder in both Westport, Missouri and in Shawnee, Kansas. He was also a Freemason and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

In Shawnee, Kansas, a Shawnee cemetery was started in the s and remained in use until the s. Parks was among the most prominent men buried there.

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After the Civil War, the Shawnee in Kansas were expelled and forced to move to northeastern Oklahoma. The Shawnee members of the former Lewistown group became known as the "Eastern Shawnee". The former Kansas Shawnee became known as the "Loyal Shawnee" some say this is because of their allegiance with the Union during the war; others say this is because they were the last group to leave their Ohio homelands.

The latter group appeared to be regarded as part of the Cherokee Nation by the United States because they were also known as the "Cherokee Shawnee" and were settled on some of the Cherokee land in Indian Territory.

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In the "Loyal" or "Cherokee" Shawnee finally received federal recognition independent of the Cherokee Nation. They are now known as the "Shawnee Tribe". Today, most members of the three federally recognized tribes of the Shawnee nation reside in Oklahoma. Before contact with Europeans, the Shawnee tribe had a patrilineal system, by which descent and inheritance went through paternal lines.

This was different from many of the Native American tribes, who had matrilineal systems.

According to a midth century historian Henry Harvey, their government was by kings, which they called sachema, [or sachems] who reigned by succession in the matrilineal line. For instance, the children of a king would not inherit the position. The sons of his brother, by the mother, or the sons of his sister and after them, the sons of her daughter would reign.

Women did not inherit such a position directly. Harvey suggested that the Shawnee relied on this system of descent because a woman's sons would always be considered legitimate. The war chiefs were also hereditary. They descended from their maternal line in the Kispoko division.

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A study noted that the Shawnee had five septs, and that they were also divided among six clans or subdivisions, according to kinship. Each clan represented spiritual values and had a recognized role in the overall confederacy. Each sept or division had a primary village where the chief of the division lived.

Lossing's History of the United States of America

This village was usually named after the division. By tradition, each Shawnee division and clan had certain roles it performed on behalf of the entire tribe. By the time these kinship elements were recorded in writing by European Americans, these strong social traditions were fading. They are poorly understood.

Because of the scattering of the Shawnee people from the 17th century through the 19th century, the roles of the divisions changed. Today the United States government recognizes three Shawnee tribes, all of which are located in Oklahoma :.

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As of , there were 7, enrolled Shawnee, with most living in Oklahoma. The Piqua Shawnee are the only state-recognized tribe that claims Shawnee descent. Self-identified groups that consider themselves Shawnee reside in Ohio and other states: [57]. These bands are not federally recognized.