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Excerpt from The Plain Story of American History MY purpose in writing this book is expressed in the title. I wish that it may be a plain story of the achievement of.
Table of contents

Native American Resilience and Violence in the West The Life and Times of John Adams Jeffersonian America: A Second Revolution? Gabriel's Rebellion: Another View of Virginia in Claiming Victory from Defeat Early National Arts and Cultural Independence Jacksonian Democracy and Modern America Jackson vs. Irish and German Immigration Transcendentalism, An American Philosophy The Southern Argument for Slavery Gold in California The Compromise of Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner The South Secedes Strengths and Weaknesses: North vs. The Road to Appomattox The Assassination of the President Rebuilding the Old Order The New Tycoons: John D.

The New Tycoons: J.


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Politics of the Gilded Age Labor vs. Eugene V.

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Debs and American Socialism Artistic and Literary Trends The Print Revolution The Wounded Knee Massacre The Election of Booker T. DuBois Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom The Panama Canal The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations Fads and Heroes Old Values vs. Domestic and International Politics Social and Cultural Effects of the Depression An Evaluation of the New Deal Pearl Harbor The Decision to Drop the Bomb You see now?

As roadside camps of poverty-stricken migrants proliferated, growers pressured sheriffs to break them up. Groups of vigilantes beat up migrants, accusing them of being Communists, and burned their shacks to the ground. The camps were self-governing communities, and families had to work for their room and board. When migrants reached California and found that most of the farmland was tied up in large corporate farms, many gave up farming. They built their houses from scavenged scraps, and they lived without plumbing and electricity.

Polluted water and a lack of trash and waste facilities led to outbreaks of typhoid, malaria, smallpox and tuberculosis. A charismatic speaker, Franklin D. His political abilities allowed him to be elected for four terms, an unprecedented event.

April 14, , dawned clear across the plains. That same year, the United States reneged on the treaty for the second time, officially and unilaterally claiming the Black Hills. More and more Native Americans, struggling to survive on the denuded plains, moved to reservations.

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Twenty of the soldiers involved received the Medal of Honor for their actions. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. In , the U. The tribes replied that what they wanted was the hills themselves; taking money for something sacred was unimaginable. It remains untouched. There is art and clothing and jewelry, and a tepee where mannequins gather around a fake fire. Did we kill all of them? Inside a theatre, people watched a film on the history of the carving, which included glowing testimonials from Native people and a biography of Henry Standing Bear.

The previous version of the film, which was updated last summer, devoted fifteen and a half of its twenty minutes to the Ziolkowski family and to the difficulty of the carving process. It featured only one Lakota speaker and surprisingly little information about Crazy Horse himself. When I asked her what she thought of the supposed coincidence of dates, she laughed. Of course they have to find ways to justify it.

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An announcement over the P. In a corner of the room was a pile of rocks—pieces blown from the sacred mountain—that visitors were encouraged to take home with them, for an additional donation, as souvenirs. The ceiling was hung with dozens of flags from tribal nations around the country, creating an impression of support for the memorial.

But, during his time at the memorial, Sprague sometimes felt like a token presence—the organization had no other high-level Native employees—to give the impression that the memorial was connected to the modern Lakota tribes. Despite its impressive name, the university is currently a summer program, through which about three dozen students from tribal nations earn up to twelve hours of college credit each year. Though the federal government twice offered Korczak Ziolkowski millions of dollars to fund the memorial, he decided to rely on private donations, and retained control of the project.

Some of the donations have turned out to be in the millions of dollars. To Sprague, who grew up on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation, misdirection about whom the memorial benefitted seemed especially purposeful when donors visited. People told me repeatedly that the reason the carving has taken so long is that stretching it out conveniently keeps the dollars flowing; some simply gave a meaningful look and rubbed their fingers together.

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All of a sudden, one non-Indian family has become millionaires off our people. In , Sprague, who had long lobbied for the memorial to use the more widely accepted death date for Crazy Horse, again found himself at odds with the memorial. The museum had acquired a metal knife that it believed had belonged to Crazy Horse.

He aired his concerns to the Rapid City Journal , and was summoned to a meeting at the memorial. About a year and a half later, he was fired. Inside, wrapped in cloth and covered in sage, were knives made from buffalo shoulder bone. The Smithsonian was not able to locate any records of this transaction. To non-Natives, the name Crazy Horse may now be more widely associated with a particular kind of nostalgia for an imagined history of the Wild West than with the real man who bore it. What if the laundromat used the name but not the image of the sculpture?

I asked. What if the laundromat owner was Lakota? Ziolkowski added that she was used to the controversy that the sculpture provokes among some of her Lakota neighbors. When I visited Darla Black, the vice-president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, she showed me several foot-high stacks of papers: requests for help paying for electricity and propane to get through the winter. Even among the Lakota, the question of who can speak for Crazy Horse is fraught.