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The Divine Comedy is a long Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c. and It is divided into three parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso.‎Inferno (Dante) · ‎Paradiso (Dante) · ‎Dante Alighieri and the Divine · ‎Tuscan dialect.
Table of contents

Share Flipboard Email. Adam Burgess, Ph. Updated November 01, Here are the circles of hell in order of entrance and severity:. Limbo: Where those who never knew Christ exist.

Inferno by Dante Alighieri

Lust: Self-explanatory. Dante encounters ordinary people here, not characters from epic poems or gods from mythology. Dante encounters more ordinary people but also the guardian of the circle, Pluto , the mythological king of the Underworld. This circle is reserved for people who hoarded or squandered their money, but Dante and Virgil do not directly interact with any of its inhabitants. There are three of them—the Outer, Middle, and Inner rings—housing different types of violent criminals.

The first are those who were violent against people and property, such as Attila the Hun.

Essentials

Centaurs guard this Outer Ring and shoot its inhabitants with arrows. The Middle Ring consists of those who commit violence against themselves suicide. These sinners are perpetually eaten by Harpies. The Inner Ring is made up of the blasphemers, or those who are violent against God and nature. Dante speaks kindly to him. Beatrice was the spirit of a woman Dante loved very much, who had died years before. However, Virgil says, they must go through Hell to get there.

What is Inferno About and Why Should I Care?

Dante is a little frightened, but is encouraged by the thought that Beatrice is looking over him. Then they come to the Acheron, an infernal river, where the boatman Charon ferries the damned souls into Hell. An earthquake leaves Dante unconscious, and when he wakes up they are in the first circle of Hell, Limbo.


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In Limbo there are the virtuous non-Christians: ancient Greek and Roman heroes, philosophers, and so forth. There are also some worthy Arabs, and the virtuous Jews of the Old Testament were there until Christ took them to Heaven. Dante is pleased to find himself accepted as an equal by the great classical poets.

The spirits in Limbo are not tormented: they live in green meadows with a gentle sadness.

Virgil was one of them. They passed to the second circle, where the demon Minos judged the sinners and assigned them their place in Hell. In the second circle the lustful were punished by having their spirits blown about by an unceasing wind. Dante spoke with the spirit of Francesca da' Rimini, who had fallen unhappily in love with her husband's younger brother. He felt so sorry for her that he fainted from grief. When Dante awoke they were in the third circle, where the gluttons were punished.

First Circle (Limbo)

After Virgil pacified the doglike demon Cerberus, they saw where the gluttons lay in the mud, tormented by a heavy, cold rain. One of them, Ciacco , predicted the political future of Florence for Dante. In the fourth circle they had to pass the demon Plutus, who praised Satan. There the avaricious and the prodigal rolled weights around in opposite directions, berating each other for their sins.

They came to the Styx, where the wrathful and the sullen were tormented.


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The wrathful fought in the muddy water and the sullen sank beneath it and lamented in gurgling voices. The boatman Phleygas resentfully ferried them across, passing the wrathful shade of Filippo Argenti , who tried to attack Dante. They then came to the walls of the city of Dis, but the fallen angels inside barred their way. Fortunately a messenger from heaven came to their aid and opened the gates, then left. The sixth circle held heretics, who were imprisoned in red-hot sepulchers. Dante spoke with Farinata, a great-hearted Epicurean who predicted Dante's exile from Florence. He also met Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti, the father of his friend Guido.

They passed the tomb of a heretical pope. They came to a stinking valley. Taking a moment to get used to the stench, Virgil explained to Dante the structure of Hell. It was cone shaped and was made up of increasingly tight circles. In Dis they would see the punishments of the violent, the fraudulent, and traitors. These were more serious sins than those of the earlier circles, which resulted from human weakness and overindulgence.

In the first ring of the seventh circle they passed the Minotaur and met a group of centaurs, who shot the sinners who tried to escape with their arrows. The first ring was made up of the violent against others: tyrants and murderers. These were tormented in a river of boiling blood: the Phlegethon. In the second ring they found a black forest full of twisted trees. These were suicides: Dante spoke to one after seeing a broken twig bleed.

The suicide was Pier della Vigna, who had committed suicide while wrongfully imprisoned by his patron. They were interrupted by two souls dashing through the forest, chased by black hounds. These were those who had been violent to their own possessions: those who had squandered their goods. In the third ring there were the violent against God: blasphemers, sodomites, and usurers.

These were punished by having to sit or walk around on flaming sand under a rain of fire. Dante spoke affectionately with one sodomite, Ser Brunetto, who had been something of a mentor for him when he was alive. Thre other Florentines, also people Dante respected, asked him news about the city, and he said that it was doing badly.

Virgil called up the monster Geryon, who symbolized fraud, from the eighth circle, while Dante spoke with some usurers. Geryon took Dante and Virgil down to the eigth circle on a terrifying ride.

The eigth circle was Malebolge, and was formed of ten different enclosures in which different kinds of fraud were punished. In the first, Dante saw naked sinners being whipped by demons. He recognized one of them as Venedico Caccianemico , who had sold his sister to a lustful Marquis. He also saw Jason.

THE DIVINE COMEDY

These were panders and seducers: people who used fraud in matters of love. In the third, the simonists were punished by being stuck upside down in rock with their feet on fire. Notably, Dante spoke with Pope Nicholas III there, who predicted that the current pope would also be damned for that sin.

Dante was very unsympathetic.