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Table of contents
Arnold Schoenberg's Journey. New York , A pivotal figure in the development of 20th-century music; b. Vienna, Sept.
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Los Angeles , Calif. A long process of evolution rather than revolution, as is sometimes claimed led him from the intensely chromatic tonal language of postromanticism, through so-called atonality a term of which he disapproved , to dodecaphony, or serialism. First fully formulated by him in , this last system remained the structural basis for his most significant succeeding works, although he returned to tonality occasionally toward the end of his life. His profound influence on succeeding generations was immediately felt through his pupils Berg and webern. Even Stravinsky, long antipodal to him in outlook and technique, eventually embraced his tone procedures.
It is often said, incorrectly, that Schoenberg was a convert to Catholicism.
Mathematics of music
As an exile from impending Nazism he had, it is true, publicly reaffirmed his adherence to Judaism in Paris ; but according to his widow, Gertrud Schoenberg, "he was never a Catholic by Baptism" letter to the author, Feb. In any case, as he was quoted in the New York Times , composing was for him primarily "a sharing of spiritual goods, resembling the religious experience," rather than a means of merely diverting an audience or expressing "himself and his own feelings,". Bibliography: j. Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians , ed.
New York — Schoenberg was extremely active on behalf of German refugees during the Nazi period. He was a devoted Zionist and in accepted an invitation to head the Rubin Academy for Music established in Jerusalem, but his state of health prevented him from taking up the appointment. In music he was self-taught, except for several months of instruction from his friend, the composer Alexander Zemlinsky — , who eventually became his brother-in-law.
The deepest creative influences in his early years were Brahms and Wagner, as can be seen in his early string quartet in D major , his string sextet Verklaerte Nacht , and his gigantic cantata Gurrelieder — Schoenberg became increasingly free in his treatment of dissonance until his work transcended tonality.
His piano piece Opus 11, no. There followed a series of compositions in which extreme emotionality was counterbalanced by extreme brevity. Sometimes, as in Erwartung and Pierrot Lunaire , a text helps to provide that unity which "classical" tonal means could no longer furnish. Schoenberg was continually seeking new means of tonal organization. After much experimentation he told Josef Ruler in July "Today I have discovered something which will assure the supremacy of German music for the next hundred years.
In this method, a basic row containing the twelve notes of the chromatic scale, in an order predetermined by the composer, serves as the foundation for an entire composition. Schoenberg found this method invaluable for securing unity. He used it for the rest of his life, with occasional returns to tonality, as in the suite for strings in g major It was many years before Schoenberg won full acceptance as a composer, but in he was appointed director of a master school for musical composition at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin.
This position was taken from him on "racial" grounds in September , and he responded with a formal return to the Jewish faith, which he had abandoned in his youth. A month later he emigrated to America. In America Schoenberg completed some of his best works.
These include his fourth string quartet ; Kol Nidre ; piano concerto ; and A Survivor from Warsaw During this period he also wrote four of his theoretical books: Models for Beginners in Composition , Structural Functions of Harmony , Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint , and Fundamentals of Musical Composition His Style and Idea appeared in and his Letters , edited by E. Stein, in The texts of these works were written by Schoenberg himself, with the exception of that of Dreimal Tausend Jahre , which was written by Rabbi Dagobert Runes.
Three of his great works with religious themes, the cantata Die Jakobsleiter , the opera Moses and Aaron , and the cycle of Modern Psalms , were unfinished at his death on July 13, Moses and Aaron , however, has been highly successful in its two-act form, and this dramatic confrontation of priest and prophet may well stand as Schoenberg's strongest work.
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Schoenberg's influence on the music of the 20 th century was immense. After World War ii his technique of composition was studied intensively both in Europe and United States , after the ban on it during Nazi rule. At the same time, some of the postwar avant-garde composers who considered Schoenberg not consistent enough when using his own technique preferred to lean on the work of his famous pupil Webern, who was more strict in following the rules of dodecaphony.
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However, despite all the debates about Schoenberg's method, he is now considered a brilliant innovative mind and one of the classics of 20 th century music. Leibowitz, Schoenberg and His School ; D. Newlin, Bruckner — Mahler — Schoenberg Eng. Leibowitz, Schoenberg and His School ; H. Stuckenschmidt, Arnold Schoenberg Ger. Woerner, Schoenberg's Moses and Aaron ; W.
Arnold Schoenberg
Rosen, Arnold Schoenberg ; E. Hilmar ed. Dahlhaus, Schoenberg and the New Music ; A. Brand and C. Hailey eds. Kreinin, Yulia " Schoenberg, Arnold. Kreinin, Yulia "Schoenberg, Arnold. Schoenberg, Arnold Franz Walter — Austrian composer. Schoenberg's form of serial music , known as twelve-tone music , was first employed in Suite for Piano His operatic masterpiece, Moses und Aron , remained unfinished at his death.
Arnold Schoenberg Choir. Austrian mixed voice choir founded in Vienna by Erwin Ortner. Comprises students and former students of Vienna Acad. Arnold Schoenberg All Sources -. Updated Media sources 1 About encyclopedia. Schoenberg, Arnold oxford. Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. Arnold Schoenberg gale. Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian composer whose discovery of the "method of composition with twelve tones" radically transformed 20th-century music. Development of Atonality Back in Vienna, Schoenberg began to teach privately. Further Reading A representative collection of Schoenberg's correspondence is in Letters, edited by Erwin Stein trans.
Schoenberg, Arnold gale. Frisch, Walter. The Early Works of Arnold Schoenberg, — Simms, Bryan R. The Atonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg, — Oxford, U. Joseph Auner. In any case, as he was quoted in the New York Times , composing was for him primarily "a sharing of spiritual goods, resembling the religious experience," rather than a means of merely diverting an audience or expressing "himself and his own feelings," Bibliography: j. Schoenberg, Arnold Franz Walter oxford. Arnold Schoenberg Choir oxford.
Related Topics Alban Berg. Anton von Webern. Arnold of Brescia. Arnold Lucius Gesell. Arnold Joost van Keppel 1st earl of Albemarle. Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld. Arnold Henri Guyot. Arnold Gesell.
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Arnold Bocklin. Arnold Bennett. On the background of the theory discussed in the last chapter, it seeks to treat the most important parameters in so much detail that a new outlook on the music material could be sensed from it. It does not go into a detailed use and discussion of more traditional concepts. Emphasis has been here on stressing the "macro-level" of musical geography.