Download Citation on ResearchGate | A history of children's play and play environments: Toward a contemporary child-saving movement | Children's play.
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Human nature itself has also helped perpetuate this design paradigm, simply because we are creatures of our experience.
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Our common experiences usually shape the conventional wisdom, or paradigms, by which we operate. When most adults were children, playgrounds were asphalt areas with manufactured, fixed playground equipment such as swings, jungle gyms and slides, used solely for recess.
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Therefore, most adults see this as the appropriate model for a playground. The cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals allowed our ancestors to dwell in permanent settlements, to expand their population more rapidly, thus beginning a long, sad divorce from nature Manning But even until very recent history, children still grew up with intimate contact with nature. Throughout most of history, when children were free to play, their first choice was often to flee to the nearest wild place—whether it was a big tree or brushy area in the yard or a watercourse or woodland nearby Pyle Two hundred years ago, most children spent their days surrounded by fields, farms or in the wild nature at its edges.
But even then, as recently as , children had access to nature and the world at large. Children had the freedom to play, explore and interact with the natural world with little or no restriction or supervision. Children today have few opportunities for outdoor free play and regular contact with the natural world. Fears of ultraviolet rays, insect-born diseases and various forms of pollution are also leading adults to keep children indoors Wilson Brooks says that a childhood of unsupervised loitering, wandering and exploring has been replaced by a childhood of adult supervised and scheduled improvements.
Childhood and regular unsupervised play in the outdoor natural world are no longer synonymous Wilson Between and , the amount of time children ages 6 to 8 in the U. The virtual is replacing the real Pyle TV, nature documentaries, National Geographic and other nature TV channels and environmental fundraising appeals are conditioning children to think that nature is exotic, awe-inspiring and in far, far away, places they will never experience Chipeniuk Children are losing the understanding that nature exists in their own backyards and neighborhoods, which further disconnects them from knowledge and appreciation of the natural world.
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The alternative to future generations who value nature is the continued exploitation and destruction of nature. One of the main problems with most environmental education is premature abstraction, teaching children too abstractly. One result of trying to teach children at too early of an age about abstract concepts like rainforest destruction, acid rain, ozone holes and whale hunting can be dissociation.
When we ask children to deal with problems beyond their cognitive abilities, understanding and control, they can become anxious, tune out and develop a phobia to the issues. In the case of environmental issues, biophobia—a fear of the natural world and ecological problems—a fear of just being outside—can develop.
But if love comes first, knowledge is sure to follow. We need to allow children to develop their biophilia, their love for the Earth, before we ask them to save it. Young children tend to develop emotional attachments to what is familiar and comfortable for them Wilson The child develops biophobia that can range from discomfort and fear in natural places to a prejudice against nature and disgust for whatever is not manmade, managed or air-conditioned Cohen , Bixler, et al.
Regular positive interactions within nature help children develop respect and a caring attitude for the environment. Young children feel a natural kinship with, and are implicitly drawn to animals and especially baby animals Rosen , Sobel Animals are an endless source of wonder for children, fostering a caring attitude and sense of responsibility towards living things.
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Children interact instinctively and naturally with animals, talk to them, and invest in them emotionally Sobel These new naturalized play environments do not depend on manufactured equipment. Rather than being built, they are planted—they use the landscape and its vegetation and materials as both the play setting and the play materials. Benefits of Naturalized Playgrounds Research on natural playgrounds is demonstrating the broad benefits this paradigm shift in playground design and environmental learning has to children by offering them play and learning in naturalized environments. Children learn by constructing their own knowledge about the world, not by memorizing facts Piaget In addition to the opportunities for children to develop an environmental ethic through regular contact with nature, natural environments offer children many additional benefits.
A growing body of literature shows that the natural environment has positive effects on the well-being of adults, including better psychological well-being, superior cognitive functioning, fewer physical ailments and speedier recovery from illness. The findings indicate that:. Conclusion Children and society as a whole can benefit significantly by maximizing the informal play and learning opportunities that naturalized outdoor play environments offer young children.
Naturalized outdoor early childhood environments are places where children can reclaim the magic that is their birthright, the ability to grow and learn to their fullest in their unique experiential way through the joy of exploration and discovery in the natural world. But perhaps even more important, naturalized playgrounds offer the hope that children will develop the environmental values to become the future stewards of the Earth who will preserve the diversity and wonder of Nature.
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The contents of this web site are protected by USA and international copyright law. Permission is granted to download and print single copies of any of the contents or articles for personal use. No other copies may be made. Educational institution s may obtain permission to make multiple copies for classroom use by e-mailing us with details. All other rights for use or reproduction of the contents and articles are reserved. Young Children's Relationship with Nature: Water Plentiful indigenous vegetation, including trees, bushes, flowers and long grasses that children can explore and interact with Animals, creatures in ponds, butterflies, bugs Sand, and best if it can be mixed with water Diversity of color, textures and materials Ways to experience the changing seasons, wind, light, sounds and weather Natural places to sit in, on, under, lean against, climb and provide shelter and shade Different levels and nooks and crannies, places that offer socialization, privacy and views Structures, equipment and materials that can be changed, actually, or in their imaginations, including plentiful loose parts Benefits of Naturalized Playgrounds Research on natural playgrounds is demonstrating the broad benefits this paradigm shift in playground design and environmental learning has to children by offering them play and learning in naturalized environments.
The findings indicate that: Children with views of and contact with nature score higher on tests of concentration and self-discipline. The greener, the better the scores Faber Taylor et al. Children who play regularly in natural environments show more advanced motor fitness, including coordination, balance and agility, and they are sick less often Fjortoft , Grahn et al. When children play in natural environments, their play is more diverse with imaginative and creative play that fosters language and collaborative skills Faber Taylor et al. Nature buffers the impact of life stress on children and helps them deal with adversity.
The greater the amount of nature exposure, the greater the benefits Wells Nature helps children develop powers of observation and creativity and instills a sense of peace and being at one with the world Crain Early experiences with the natural world have been positively linked with the development of imagination and the sense of wonder Cobb , Louv Wonder is an important motivator for life long learning Wilson Children who play in nature have more positive feelings about each other Moore References Acuff, Dan What Kids Buy and Why.
Observed fears and discomforts among urban students on field trips to wildland areas. The Ecopsychology of Child Development, in T. Sierra Press Bartlett, Sheridan Environmental dispositions among school-age children. Environment and Behavior , 17 6 Chawla, Louise, How Schoolyards Influence Behavior. Childhood foraging as a means of acquiring competent human cognition about biodiversity, Environment and Behavior , 27, Cobb, E.
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New Society Publishers Cohen, S. Promoting Ecological Awareness in Children. Children and the environment: Play and the Child Study Movement: Play during Hard Times: The Great Depression 7. Natural, Built, and Adventure Play Environments: Back To Nature 8. Toward a Contemporary Child Saving Movement. Fear Bob Woodward Inbunden. Factfulness Hans Rosling Inbunden. Skickas inom vardagar. Children in cities enjoyed similar forms of play but their playgrounds were the vacant lands and parks.
Today, children have become increasingly inactive, abandoning traditional outdoor play for sedentary, indoor cyber play and poor diets. The consequences of play deprivation, the elimination and diminution of recess, and the abandonment of outdoor play are fundamental issues in a growing crisis that threatens the health, development, and welfare of children.
Playground
This valuable book traces the history of children's play and play environments from their roots in ancient Greece and Rome to the present time in the high stakes testing environment. Through this exploration, scholar Dr. Joe Frost shows how this history informs where we are today and why we need to re-establish play as a priority.