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J Agric Food Chem , Nov-Dec 70 Debecker J see Zanen. polov v vartirakh. margantsovokislym kaliem s tsel'iu udaleniia privkusov i zapakhov. Panstwzakl H , (Pol) Dragstedt LR 2d see Cabezas-Moya R.
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Citations Publications citing this paper. Real-time spectral techniques for the detection of buildup of valuable compounds and stress in microalgal cultures: implications for biotechnology Alexei Solovchenko , Inna Khozin-Goldberg , Olga B. References Publications referenced by this paper. Absorption and scattering of light by suspensions of cells and subcellular particles: an analysis in terms of Kramers-Kronig relations.

Kalbe Razi Naqvi , Mark N. Does a leaf absorb radiation in the near infrared — nm region? A new approach to quantifying optical reflection, absorption and transmission of leaves Mark N. The use of chlorophyll fluorescence excitation spectra for the non-destructive in situ assessment of UV-absorbing compounds in leaves Zoran G. On recording the true absorption spectrum and the scattering spectrum of a turbid sample: application to cell suspensions of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Merzlyak , Kalbe Razi Naqvi. Billinghurst Piso 4, Dpto. Ayuda de la revista. Open Journal Systems.

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These facts allow to regard metallurgical production as one of the most important and revealing kinds of human handicrafts in ancient times. Tallgren [Tallgren , a Finnish archaeologist, compiled the first re- gister of metal items and moulds discovered on the territory of Eastern Europe.

Meanwhile, V. Gorodtsov [Gorodtsov referred a number of bronze items found in the north of the Black Sea region to legendary Cimmerians, thus having established efforts aimed at cultural association and dating fortuitous finds of metal items of the Bronze Age. First efforts of conducting systeniatic research of ancient metallurgy with the help of methods typical for nature sciences were made by a group led by V. However, in this research work was interrupted by repressions. Only 12 years later A. Yessen, one of very few researchers who survived the repressions, addressed the topic of metallurgy again.

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In his book [Yessen he analyzed prerequisites for the Greek colonization, and selected metal items as examples to consider a wide range of issues connected with relations between the Northern Pontic region and the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Asia Minor during the Bronze Age. In that work, hoards of bronze items were first used as direct pieces of evidence of relations be- tween the ancient people that lived on the territory of Ukraine with the Balkans the Shchetkovo and the Kozorezovo hoards , and the Caucasus the Beryslav hoard.

However, we believe that work contained a number of erroneous provisions which to a large extend defined further development of research in the field of ancient metallurgy in Ukraine. Among them were theses about lack of local sources of raw materials, and imported character of majority of metal items of the Northern Pontic region. Taken for granted, and developed by further researchers, those theses acco- unted for the fact that the Ukrainian territory was traditional regarded as a market for metal goods manufactured in neighboring regions.

Yessen, from the Balkans and the Caucasus; and then, in the opinion of E. Chernykh, from the Carpathians and the Urals.

Yessen was the first to introduce the notion of the " metalwork center of the Northern Black Sea region". By this notion, A. Yessen grouped metal items of the Late Bronze Age, found on the territory of the Northern Pontic region and undertook a complex study with regard to their types, chronology, and, to a certain extend, technology. Later, E. Chernykh developed this notion. Next years brought a completely new stage in the ancient metallurgy studies. During that period nature science methods - particularly that of spectral analysis -were first applied to ancient metal items [Chernykh In the first of his major works, E.

Chernykh used statistic results of spectral analysis of a large number of metal items used by tribes of the 'Itipolye, the Eneolithic Chapli cemetery, as well as the Yamnaya, the Catacomb, and the Middle Dnieper cultures. That work dealt with the issues of sources of raw materials, aIloys, directions and characteristic features of metal and metal item imports in Eastern Europe in the 4th -2nd millennia BC [Chernykh Special attention should be paid to a hypothesis about the origin of the metal found in the Chapli cemetery the oldest steppe metal known by that time which was believed to have been brought from copper-bearing sandstone of the Bakhmut hollow in the Donetsk region.

Regretfully, later the Author gave up this assumption.

Some provisions of that research are still valid; some have been developed and enlarged upon in further investigations conducted by E. Chemykh himself and other researchers. In E.

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Chernykh began to re-orient from research work in the domain of metallurgy and metalwork of particular archaeological cultures [Chernykh Advocating singling out ancient metal as a subject for independent research, he came to distinguishing between specific "metalwork centers". He introduced the notion of historic-metallurgical subdivisionswhich he described as "regions of si- milar metal production and metalwork performed by professional craftsmen".

Ac- cording to E. Chemykh, those centers were always limited by chronological and geographical frameworks, and beard some steady characteristic features: 1 a se- lection of categories of types of items; 2 technological ways of production; and 3 a combination of chemical and metallurgical copper groups [Chemykh Consequently, a notion of "metallurgical zone" was suggested - a system of related metallurgy and metalwork centers, also fitting into certain geographical and chronological frameworks - of a higher level of historical and metallurgical division.

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However, that approach featured a number of drawbacks. Having limited himself to the statement that a center represented an "archaeologi- cal culture faction" [Chernykh , the author actually eliminated for himself the necessity to determine cultural affiliation of both individual metal items, and often even of complete metalwork centers. That trend appeared most obviously in his later paper [Chernykh All of the Late Bronze Age metalwork centers he distinguished in Ukraine were not related to specific archaeological cultures. Having confined himself to spectral analyses and form-and-type graphs, using no metallographic research and moulds, the author actually neglected issues of techno- logy, time and place of production, as well as cultural affiliation of both individual items, and types of items.

Metallurgical production, investigated as abstract groups of metal and types of items, turned out to be a "thing in itself". The results obtained in the course of that research are very difficult to use in concrete historical investigation for characterizing production of individual peoples, as well as for reconstructing a general historic process in Ukraine during the Late Bronze Age.

Some methods of interpreting spectral analyses results also arise objection. Some techniques are applied to study of both groups of metallurgically "pure" cop- per and artificial alloys, without taking into consideration micro-admixtures brought in the course of fusion. The research-doesnot include study of sources of particular alloy components and issues of origin and development of specific alloy recipes.

Hence, sources of raw materials for artificial alloys are looked for in nature, re- sulting in claiming on existing of so-called "Volga-Urals" and "Volga-Kama" metal groups in Ukraine. Meanwhile, these "groups" actually represent multicomponent stibium-arsenious and stibium-arsenic-Snalloys. In other words, an alloy recipe was identified with the raw material source, regarded in a simplified manner, which is evident in an example of imported Caucasian copper and arsenious bronze - the oldest kind of artificial alloys.

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Raw material sources are traditionally looked for outside the territory in question, Ukraine; ignoring geological research results obtained by Ukrainian specialists. Notwithstanding the fact that - according to the author - the largest of determined Late Bronze Age metal groups on the Ukrainian territory, the right-bank and the left-bank groups, have no definite so- urces of raw material, a conclusion was made about prevailing import of copper to Ukraine about BC, leading to a statement about "metalwork", and not "metallurgy".

The aforementioned is important not only for investigating ancient metallurgy on the territory of Ukraine, but also because conclusions made by E. Highly generalized description of material, low quality or often lack of pictures did not allow readers to judge on the author's ideas and, to a large extent, devaluated the great amount of facts collected by E. Necessity of correlating metalwork centers with archaeological cultures and considering metal items while characterizing the Late Bronze Age archaeological cultures were stressed by V.

Bochkarev [Bochkarev Research conducted by E. Chernykh was substantially expanded and developed by S. Korenevski in the field of the Yamnaya and the Catacomb cultures [Korenevski , , Using the same methods as E. Chernykh, S.

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Korenevski did not separate materials from archaeological cultures. Having accomplished thorough historical analysis and investigated individual categories of metal items axes and knives , the author came to interesting conclusions about dynamics of dissemination of Caucasian-type shapes of metal items in the steppe; the time of emergence of local production, at first after Caucasian models, and later acquiring specific steppe features. Also of interest are observations about the use of metallurgically "pure" copper and arsenious bronzes by steppe metallurgists, different in selection of micro-admixtures from the Caucasian alloys.

One of the most ancient types of metal socketed axes in Eastern Europe, the so-called Banabyuk-type axes were distinguished for the first time [Korenevski The research conducted by N.

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Ryndina can be regarded as an example of successful application of nature science techniques. Using results of metallogra- phical and spectrum analyses, she received a broad and objective picture of metal production of the Tripolye culture tribes [Ryndina , as well as of metallurgy and metalwork of the Corded Ware culture of the Carpathian region, the Podolia and the Volhynia [Ryndina The Tripolye culture is the most ancient of all presently known "metal-bearjng" cultures in the right-bank Ukraine.

Ryndina pro- ved that emerging of metal-processing skills in this comparatively developed state was connected with dissemination of the Balkan-Danube Eneolithic cultures to this territory - the Tripolye culture being their Eastern flank -possessing by that time a rather highly-developed metal-processing technologies.

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Although N. Ryndina slightly overestimated the level of organization of production in the early Tripolye, and for that was criticized by S. Berezanskaya [Berezanskaya who proved it was inappropriate to speak about production centers in the early Tkipolye on the basis of the materials available, the Tripolye culture did play a unique role in disseminating knowledge of metallurgy on the Ukrainian territory. This copper was used in major part of the investigated material.

Also of value are such established facts as usage of highquality Sn-bronze of the CT-groups Carpathian-Transilvanian,according to E. As long ago as ca BC, foundry workers of the Corded Ware culture on the Ukrainian temtory demonstrated complete similarity of local blacksmith's techniques with the Tripolye methods of metalwork, which suggested relations with western metallurgy centers.