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John likes gardening, but he never knew it would take him to a strange and far away land. Where he meets a pelasius, and learns about polywoons.
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It is the most splendid of the agaricoid tribe. In Kamtschatka its juice, mixed with that of the great bilberry, or the runners of the willow-herb, is drunk to cause intoxication.

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It acts most powerfully when dried, and swallowed after mastication : it then causes delirium, and occasionally con- vulsions. X Hegira, 73 ; Ockley, Histoire des Sarrasins, tome ii. The savage inhabitant of Kamts- chatka and the fierce Cossacks have recourse to this intoxication to dissipate their fears when they project assassinations. They dart off", striking without distinction every thing they meet before them, until, overwhelmed with blows, they fall on the bodies of their victims.

Those fanatics, also, who have been named Assassins, wei-e intoxicated by a preparation of hemp, called liasMche, given to them by the Old Man of the Mountain.

Hammer, Minex of the East. The followers of Hassan were bound to the most rigid obedience to the precepts of Islam, or Abdallah Maimom, the projector of the sect. It is unnecessary here to describe the rules which were requisite to be practiced by the aspirants, proselytes to the faith of the society. Assassination was an obligation on the Ismailite Fedavee, one of the divisions of the sect ; any one of whom, ordered by a superior to assassinate a stranger, was obliged to obey ; and, in the peformance of the order, the wretched Fedavee firmly believed he was promoting the cause of truth.

It has been supposed that the name Assassins, given to the society, originated in this obhgation ; but the appellation is derived, accordmg to M. This term implies takers of hashiche, a species of hemp, from which an intoxicating drug was com- pounded, which the Fedavee took previously to their engaging in their daring enterprises ; and which procured for them the delicious visions of paradise, promised to all the followers of the Sheikh-el-Jebal.

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This paradise was typified on earth, according to Marco Paulo, who traveled over the East in the thirteenth century, by gardens of the most luxurious description, stored with the most delicious fruit and flagrant flowers and shrubs, and containhig palaces inhabited by exquisitely beautiful and highly accomplished damsels, clothed in the richest dresses, and educated to display every grace and fascination that could ca ti- vate the senses. The chief, in discoursing of paradise to his followers, persuaded them that he had the power of granting admission to it ; and to prove the truth of his assertion, he caused a potion of a soporific kind to be administered to ten or twelve of them at a time, and when they were sound asleep, he had them conveyed to the palaces in the garden.

On awaking from their sleep, their senses were struck with the beauty and splendor of every object upon which their eyes rested ; their ears were ravished with the most harmonious voices ; and their fond glances at the lovely damsels were returned with the most alluring caresses; until, truly in- toxicated with the excess of enjoyment, they believed themselves actually in paradise. After a time they were again thrown into sleep, and carried out of the garden. They were questioned be- fore the whole court as to where they had been and what they had seen ; and having detailed all the pleasures they enjoyed, the chief assured them that those who yielded implicit obedience to him should inherit such a paradise forever.

The effects of such an imposture display, most strikingly, the lengths to which credulity and superstition will conduct mortals. The following anecdote powerfully elucidates this remark. Making a sign to one youth, he said, ' Kill thyself! To another he said, ' Fling yourself down from the wall! Then turning to the terrified envoy, he exclaimed — ' I have seventy thousand followers who obey me after this fashion. This is my answer to your master! At a much earher period, Shedad- benad, King of Arabia, desiring to be worsliiped as a god, collected in a garden, the name of which was proverbial in the East, all the delights of para- dise ; and allowed them to be enjoyed by the faith- ful whom he deigned to admit into it.

It is out of place to trace here the history of a people whose chief object was evil ; and who — for Providence provides retribu- tion for crime even in this world — have ceased to live politically for nearly six centuries. The sect still exists in Persia, and scattered over great part of Asia. They regard their imam as an incarnate ray of the Divinity ; they hold him in the highest vene- ration ; and they make pilgrimages from the most distant places to the village of Khekh, in the district of Koom, where he resides, to obtain his blessing.

Hammer loc. I am disposed to differ from the opinion of our author respect- ing bendje, which I have been informed is a preparation of hemp, cannabis indica. The real existence of the gardens of the Old Man of the Mountain, has, nevertheless, been acknowl- edged by enlightened men. The Old Man of the Mountain, whose history is obscured by so many fables, surrounded himself by a troop of fanatics, ready to dare every thing at his first signal.

It is said, that their unbounded devotion was produced by a narcotic, during the effect of which they were transported into the most delicious gardens, where, when they awoke, every luxury was collected to make them believe that for some hours they tasted the pleasures of heaven. The exactitude of this recital may be questioned. Malthe-Bruii et J.

We transcribe this passage, with the correc- tions that have been prepared for another edition. The whole work was read in to the Societe Medicale d' Emulation de Paris. What would become of them, at last, when the progress of years did not permit them to appear in the same parts ] Death alone could insure future silence ; and would not the prospect of such a reward imtie their tongues on the first favorable occasion, or lead them to kill their tormentor when, wandering alone among them, he came to confirm the neophyte in his false persuasion 1 How, also, would this tribe of actors support themselves?

Could their master every day administer to their wants without its be- ing perceptible abroad ] In addition, the numbei of precautions to be taken — the provisions to be renewed — the frequent necessity of getting lid of these agents, from whose indiscretion there was eveiy thing to be feared — are all difficulties in the way of our belief in this abominable mystery, much less that it could be maintained for even three years. How much more simply is every thing explained, by ascribing the illusions to physical intoxication, com- bined with the intoxication of the soul!

Ask a man, in whom a dose of opium has lulled an excruciating pain, to display a picture of the enchanting illusion which he experienced, and the state of ecstasy into which he was plunged for more than twenty-four hours, and they will be found exactly those of the supernatural delights heaped by the chief of the Assassins upon his future Se'ides. We know with what avidity the Easterns, who are accustomed to take opium, give themselves up to its delights, in spite of the ever growing infirmities which it heaps upon their wretched existence.

This eagerness may alFord some idea of the pleasures that accom- pany this species of intoxication, and enable us to comprehend that uncontrollable desire which may urge an ignorant and superstitious youth to dare every thing in order to possess, for eternity, such ineffable delights. The intoxication of fanaticism would arm them with this invincible constancy : the noble pride of courage, the obstinacy even of a trifling point of honor, would often be sufficient to inspire it. Pasquier, Les Recherches de la France, liv.

If he was acquainted with the means of allaying bodily feel- ings, he doubtless took care, also, to provide for the ministers of his vengeance the same means, in order that they might employ it in a critical mo- ment. The promise of sustaining his followers when under the empire of pain, exalted still more their fanaticism ; and the accomplishment of this promise became a new miracle : an additional proof of the certain power of him they regarded as the governor of nature. In advancing this con- jecture, we mugt acknowledge that we can not support it by any historical proofs.

What, we may ask, would the followers of the Sheikh-el-Jebal, to whom were intrusted his se- crets, not suffer rather than divulge them, when we see them laying down their lives in his service every time that he demand- ed the sacrifice? These were not acts of obligation, but of a per- suasion that obedience to their chief was to gain them eternal felicity in paradise after death. Beside, the pains that are taken by all Oriental nations, to confirm the truth of their creeds, can not be denied ; and the secrecy in which their impostures are veiled and preserved is almost incredible.

Thus, in a late com- munication made to the Royal Asiatic Society, by Sir Claude Wade, on the geography of the Punjaub, we are informed that, in a small but deep lake seven coss from Soohait, named Rawal- sir, are seven floating islands, which are objects of worship to Hindoo pilgrims. These votaries proceed to the shores of the lake, address the islands, and present their offerings ; upon which, it is stated, the islands approach the shores, receive the offerings upon their surface, and then retire.

This fact, therefore, gives the color- ing of truth to all that has been related respecting the gardens at Alamoot.


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The object of this custom was, no doubt, to reconcile with hu- manity the intention of exciting alarm by the sight of executions. In the second century of our era, it is related by Apuleius, that a man fortified him- self against the violence of blows by a potion con- taining myrrh. We observe everywhere, that this property atti'ibuted to the myn-h is not among those for which it is employed in the present day as a medicine. The name of myrrh, however, might serve to disguise a preparation, the ingredi- ents of which were intended to be kept secret.

But in either case, the Old Man of the Mountain could not certainly have been ignorant of a secret which had for so long a time prevailed in Pales- tine, and which he might also have borrowed from Egypt. I consider it to have been a work of ai't.

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It was ground into powder and laid as an ointment on the parts to which the surgeon was about to apply the knife or the fire. It preserved the per- son, without danger, from the pains of the opera- tion ; if taken in a mixture of wine and water, it deadened all feelings of suffering. Calmet, Cnmmentaire sur Ic Livre des Pro- verhes, chap, xxi. Marc, cap. The eye-witness of one of these sacrifices that took place in July, , saw the victim arrive in a com- plete state of bodily insensibility, the effect, no doubt, of the drugs which had been administered to her.

Her eyes were open, but she did not ap- pear to see ; and, in a weak voice, and as if me- chanically, she answered the legal questions that were put to her regarding the full liberty of her sacrifice. When she was laid on the pile, she was absolutely insensible. Paulin de St. Barthfelemi, Voyage aux hides OricntaUs, tome i. The cus- tom of drugging the Indian widows previous to gaining their con- sent to this monstrous concremation, is stated to be not unusual, when their relations have any advantage to gain by their decease ; but as many of those who submit to it are of the lower order of women, vanity, and the force of a prevailing superstition, are the chief inducements.

There can be no doubt that this, one of the dominant passions of the sex, frequently impels them to the sac- rifice ; for women who commit this suicide are canonized after death, and crowds of votaries frequent their shrines, to implore their protection, and to pray for their aid and deliverance from evil. When this self-sacrifice is by concremation, it is termed Saha- marana; but occasionally, although rarely, it is performed when the husband is at a distance ; it is then solitary, or Anamarana. The name given to these immolations, by the English in India, is Sutue, a corruption of the word Sati, ox pure, the appellation be- stowed not upon the sacrifice, but upon the female alter she has been purified by the fire.

The woman is not, say the Bramins, destroyed, but only consumed ; not annihilated, but merely changed. The tradition of the origin of the custom relates, that the father- in-law of Siva having omitted to invite her to a wedding, his wife Pahavati felt so offended at this neglect, that in the paroxysm of her rage she flung herself into the fire, and was consumed. It was probably known to the subaltern magicians, as well as that of braving the action of fire, from which, I imagine, arose the rule of jurisprudence according to which physical , the number in one year amounted to one hundred and four.

When once a woman declares her intention of submitting to concremation with the dead body of her husband, she can not re- voke. The interest of the whole community is at stake as well as her own character ; for, if she refuse, it is a prevailing belief that the whole country would be visited with some awful ca- lamity. Every effort is therefore employed to inspire her with sacred heroism, and to exalt her imagination to the highest pitch that fanaticism and superstition can impart ; and when these are likely to fail, she is rendered nearly insensible by some narcotic beverage.

The sacrifice is preceded by a procession, in which the wretched victim appears decorated with jewels and flowers of the tulse, or holy ocymum plant ocymum sanctum, Linn. When the procession has reached the pile, and the dead body has been laid upon it, the widow is bathed without removing her clothes and jewels, and then recon- ducted to the pile, around which she is walked three times, sup- ported by some of her nearest relations. These ceremonies being concluded, she is cast upon the dead body of her husband ; and gee, a species of semi-fluid butter, being poured upon the dry wood, it is instantly fired, and she quickly dies of suffocation be- fore the fire reaches her body.

In examining the accounts of the composure and almost philo- sophical indifference with which these women sacrifice their lives to the prevailing superstition, there is no necessity for believing that it is the sole result of the narcotics administered to them. Woman, in every country and in every age, displays more the character of the sincere devotee than man.


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  5. Convinced of the truth of the doctrine she embraces, it absorbs her whole mind ; lier contemplation rests firmly upon it ; and when an hour of trial arrives, she reposes upon its promises in undisturbed tranquillity ; all the ties of relationship and of country are forgotten ; every act of memory and consciousness is suppressed ; and under the cir- cumstances, such as have been described as taking place in these concremations, her whole mind turned upon the beatitude she is about to attain, the frailties of our nature are surmounted, and the mortal seems almost already invested with supernatural pow- ers.

    To the operation of this state of mind, in the opinion of the writer of this note, may we attribute some, at least, of the extra- ordinary displays of heroism occasionally exhibited in these self- immolations. It is also said that the same advantage was en- joyed by pretended sorcerers about the middle of the fifteenth century. Nicholas Eymeric, Grand Inquisitor of Arragon, author of the famous Direc- toire des Inqicisiteiirs, loudly complained of the sor- ceries practiced by accused persons, through the aid of which, when put to the torture, they ap- peared absolutely insensible.

    Pegna, who wrote a commentary on Eymeric's work, in , believed also the reality and efficacy of the sor- ceries. J He strengthens himself by the evidence of the inquisitor Grillandus, and Hippolytus de Marsilies. The latter, who was Professor of Juris- prudence at Bologna in , positively declares, in his " Pratique Criminelle," that he has seen the effect of the philters upon the accused persons, who suffered no pain, but appeared to be asleep in the midst of the tortures. The expressions he makes use of are remarkable ; they describe the insensible man, as if plunged into a toi-por more like the effect produced by an opiate, than the proud bearing which is the result of a perseverance superior to every pain.

    Pcgna Romae, folio , part iii. Starting out as if she had been strangled ; her ex- emption from suffering was due to a species of apoplexy.

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    A humorous writer, a cotemporary of Francis Pegna and of J.