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The Picts were a confederation of Celtic language-speaking peoples who lived in what is today While very little in the way of Pictish writing has survived, Pictish history since the late 6th century is known from a variety of sources, including.
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All aspects of early life are represented, from primitive field systems and houses to ceremonial structures such as standing stones, tombs and tribal halls. Crannogs artificial islands built on stilts or heaped stones were a favoured form of defensible dwelling through the Bronze Age BC to BC , while the Iron Age BC to AD saw the construction of a remarkable series of defence-minded structures of a different sort: the drystone defensive towers known as brochs, which are unique to Scotland.

The origins of the people known as the Picts is a mystery, but they may have emerged as a confederation of northern Celtic tribes in reaction to the Roman invasion of Scotland in AD Their territory Pictland, also known as Pictavia extended north through the Highlands from the Forth and Clyde estuaries to Orkney and the Western Isles.


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Much of what we know about the Picts comes from the Romans, who attempted to conquer northern Scotland but failed to occupy any territory north of the Antonine Wall. The main material evidence of Pictish culture is their fabulous carved symbol stones, found in many parts of northern and eastern Scotland.

Picts: “The Painted People”

By AD another Celtic tribe, the Scots from Scotti, a derogatory name given to them by the Romans , had begun to colonise western Scotland from northern Ireland, establishing a kingdom called Dalriada. From their ceremonial headquarters at the hill fort of Dunadd, these seafaring Celts conquered a territory that stretched from Kintyre and the Antrim coast of Ireland to the Isle of Skye and Wester Ross. Their influence lives on in the districts of Lorn and Cowal, which take their names from Dalriadan chiefs, and the county name of Argyll from earra gael, meaning 'the seaboard of the Gael' — and, of course, they eventually gave their name to the kingdom of Scotland.

But perhaps their most important legacy is that they brought Christianity and the Gaelic language to the western Highlands and islands of Scotland.


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Columba was an Irish scholar and monk exiled, tradition has it, after involvement in a bloody battle. After fleeing Ireland in he established a monastery on Iona and also travelled northeast to take his message to the Picts.

The Picts: A History

By the late 8th century most of Scotland had converted. In the Dalriadan king Kenneth MacAlpin, who was the son of a Pictish princess, used the Pictish custom of matrilineal succession to take over the Pictish throne, uniting Scotland north of the Firth of Forth into a single kingdom. Thereafter the Scots gained complete cultural and political ascendancy. The first Viking longboats were spotted off the shores of Orkney in the s, and must have inspired terror in those who saw them. The marauders struck without warning, ransacking entire villages, butchering the occupants and carting anything of value back to Norway.

For the next years the Norsemen pillaged the Scottish coast and islands, eventually taking control of Orkney, Shetland, the Outer Hebrides and all the islands off the west coast of Scotland from Skye to Arran, plus the mainland districts of Cowal and Kintyre.

Eventually the Viking colonies returned to Scottish rule, but they always retained a distinctively Scandinavian-tinged culture, especially Orkney and Shetland, which — unlike the Western Isles — were taken over by nobles from the Lowlands and ended up speaking a mixture of Scots and Norn an ancient Viking dialect , rather than Gaelic. Three years later the Western Isles were ceded to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth, in exchange for an annual rent to the King of Norway. Orkney and Shetland remained Norwegian possessions until and respectively, when they were mortgaged to King James III of Scotland in lieu of a dowry for his bride, Margaret, daughter of the king of Denmark.

This was the beginning of a drift that saw the centre of royal power move southward from Scone to Stirling and Dunfermline, and then to Edinburgh, which eventually emerged as the capital of Scotland by the early 16th century. However, the cultural and linguistic divide between Highlands and Lowlands had its origins at the other end of Britain, in the Norman invasion of His youngest son David I —53 had been raised in England, and introduced the Anglo-Norman feudal system to Scotland, granting lands and titles mostly in the south and east to English-speaking Norman noblemen.

But in the remote Highland glens the Gaelic language and the clan system still held sway: loyalty and military service were based on ties of blood rather than feudal superiority. The clan was led by a chief who was granted his position through the ancient Dalriadan system of tanistry, in which the heir to the chief was nominated from a pool of eligible candidates whose great-grandfathers had been chiefs before them.

This ensured that a chief never died without a potential heir, but resulted in many bloody feuds and murders instigated by those who felt their claim to the title had been denied. The history of the Highlands from the 12th to the 16th centuries was volatile and violent.

Robert the Bruce's struggle to win the Scottish crown involved not only fighting the English, but also vanquishing his foes in the Highlands.


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In Bruce famously murdered John Comyn, his main rival as king, making Bruce a blood enemy of the powerful Macdougalls of Lorne, whose chief Alexander was related to Comyn by marriage. The Macdougalls harried Bruce mercilessly until the king-to-be finally routed them at the Battle of the Pass of Brander in Even after Bruce had defeated the English at Bannockburn in and guaranteed Scottish independence, the wrangling for power between and among the Highland clans and the Scottish crown raged on for several centuries.

Clan Campbell, supporters of Bruce, were rewarded for their continuing loyalty to the king with grants of land and titles, earning the bitter enmity of their rivals the Macdougalls and the Macdonalds.

A Short History of Scotland

By the beginning of the 18th century, the chief of Clan Campbell had become the Duke of Argyll, owning most of the southwestern Highlands and capable of putting men into battle. Much of the fighting that disrupted the Highlands during this period was between rival clans. The longest-running feud was between the Camerons and the Mackintoshs: following a battle over disputed land in , the two clans remained sworn enemies for more than years. After languishing on the disciplinary peripheries, Pictish studies is now undergoing significant revision and invigoration, with recent archaeological discoveries increasing the stock of evidence and prompting a re-assessment of cultural development.

In addition, new methodologies in archaeology, cultural geography and art history are unpacking the processes of social reproduction through Pictish artefacts and the constructed environment.

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We can now say more about the cultural and political lives of the Picts than ever before. And these new findings are giving a fresh perspective on the wider development of nations and identity, and the geo-political transitions that affected Early Medieval polities across the Latin west and which underlie the modern world.

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This short book provides an exciting and informed synthesis of our current understanding of Pictish history and their material remains. EN NL. ISBN Binding Paperback. Number of pages