War and Diplomacy in the Japanese Empire (Routledge Library Editions: Japan)

War and Diplomacy in the Japanese Empire (Hardback) book cover the Japanese attitude towards life and politics, the terrific force of Japan's traditions as.
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Saionji Kinmochi was an aristocrat, a scholar and a progressive liberal politician who twice occupied the highest political office in the nation and who, during three decades, as adviser to three Emperors, coordinated and directed Japanese politics.

His long life encompassed the emergence of the…. Fishing is a slowly-dying occupation and this volume analyses how the fishermen adjust to changing circumstances. Within Japan at the start of the s there was a strong mood on the right for remilitarization to give the nation the super-power status her…. This volume collects together essays and lectures given by the author from to a variety of international audiences.

Together they illuminate essential aspects of the Japanese mentality and way of life, particularly in social, religious and linguistic aspects. The appendix contains the historical declaration by Chiang-Kai-shek setting forth clearly the reasons why China took up arms against Japanese aggression, and a lucid chapter by the veteran sinologist Owen…. By W R Crocker. This volume analyzes what the pressure of population growth in Japan in the early twentieth century consisted of and attempts to indicate what form it would take in the future.

It examines not only the relationship between the number of inhabitants and the economic resources of the country but also…. By P M Suski.

This book gives true characters of Japanese speech sounds in reference to European speech sounds. When it was first published in , it was the first book of its kind. There are only 5 Japanese vowel elements as opposed to 18 in English, 13 in French and 8 in German. There are 15 Japanese…. Japan's image has experienced numerous transmutations.

The book covers the metamorphosis from Japan's image of a feudal, exotic and romantic land inhabited by Madam Butterflies, to its sudden emergence as a geopolitical power following its defeat of Russia in More was to come. Edited by Kazuo Sato. This volume collects eleven essays written by Japanese experts on various aspects of Japanese business management and is a sequel to the volume Industry and Business in Japan. The philosophy of Buddhism, originating in India, has undergone considerable changes in its adoption in the Far East.

It has, in Japan, assumed a more practical aspect, and has come to play an important role in the everyday life of action. But in this process Japanese Buddhism has split itself into…. In this volume the author considers what the purpose and method of advanced Japanese studies should be. He believes that the study of Japanese history should be, not an end in itself but an integral part of world history.

He discusses areas of controversy in interpretation which arise when a…. Japan adopted the practice of using year names of "Nengoh" during A D the first year of Taikwa. Since then the accession of a new emperor, with the exception of a few, has been marked with a new year title, exactly as has been the custom in China. During the reign of some of the emperors, as…. Recent years have witnessed an explosive growth in the literature published about Japan.

Yet it seems that the more that is written about Japan and Japanism — its culture, society, people — the more mysterious it becomes. As well as exploring issues relating to advertising, tourism, women,…. By William G Beasley. It is now generally recognized that Japan has been much the most successful of the countries outside Europe and North America in achieving modernization.

War and Diplomacy in the Japanese Empire

By G C Allen. The author, who was for several years a lecturer in a Japanese Government College, has tried to interpret the civilization and national character of Japan in the light of his experience and of his studies in that country. He describes the novel problems and phenomena which have been created by the…. Socialism first gained a major foothold in Japan after the revolution and the subsequent Meiji restoration of Against the background of the rapid development of capitalism in Japan after the revolution, and the accompanying emergence of the working class, this study shows how early Japanese….

This study reveals the complex combination of cultural particularity and modern universality that underlies the reality of contemporary Japan. The work uses sources such as popular works of art, song, best-selling books and the advice columns of newspapers to draw a striking portrait of the….

By Hans H Baerwald. This volume is an invaluable description of party politics in Japan, and a unique analysis of the influence that a changing balance of power has had upon the functioning….

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Edited by Koichi Kishimoto. In Japan information technology has been a vital part of manufacturing for decades. A central factory computer provides a production plan and shop minicomputers and microcomputers in the factory run machines that manufacture products. It has become necessary to connect computers installed at…. This book approaches its subject from two angles. First, there is a detailed and descriptive analysis of the social organisation of, and place of marriage in, one community in Kyushu.

To this extent, the study is a regional one and provides valuable ethnographic information. The vastly outnumbered allies withdrew to the vicinity of Tianjin , having suffered more than casualties. Fukushima was chosen because his ability to speak fluent English which enabled him to communicate with the British commander, the force landed near Tianjin on 5 July. Prime Minister Yamagata likewise concurred, but others in the cabinet demanded that there be guarantees from the British in return for the risks and costs of the major deployment of Japanese troops.

Two days later, with more ground troops urgently needed to lift the siege of the foreign legations at Peking, the British ambassador offered the Japanese government one million British pounds in exchange for Japanese participation. Shortly afterward, advance units of the 5th Division departed for China, bringing Japanese strength to 3, personnel of the then 17, allied force. General Yamaguchi Motoomi had taken operational control from Fukushima. Japanese troops were involved in the storming of Tianjin on July 14, [36] after which the allies consolidated and awaited the remainder of the 5th Division and other coalition reinforcements.

By that time the siege of legations was lifted on 14 August , the Japanese force of 13, was the largest single contingent, made up about 40 percent of the approximately 33, strong allied expeditionary force. After the uprising, Japan and the Western countries signed the Boxer Protocol with China, which permitted them to station troops on Chinese soil to protect their citizens.


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After the treaty, Russia continued to occupy all of Manchuria. The victory greatly raised Japan's stature in the world of global politics. The war is marked by the Japanese opposition of Russian interests in Korea, Manchuria, and China, notably, the Liaodong Peninsula, controlled by the city of Port Arthur. This part of the treaty was overruled by Western powers, which gave the port to the Russian Empire, furthering Russian interests in the region. These interests came into conflict with Japanese interests. The war began with a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern fleet stationed at Port Arthur, which was followed by the Battle of Port Arthur.

Following a late start, the Russian Baltic fleet was denied passage through the British-controlled Suez Canal. The fleet arrived on the scene a year later, only to be annihilated in the Battle of Tsushima. While the ground war did not fare as poorly for the Russians, the Japanese forces were significantly more aggressive than their Russian counterparts and gained a political advantage that culminated with the Treaty of Portsmouth , negotiated in the United States by the American president Theodore Roosevelt. As a result, Russia lost the part of Sakhalin Island south of 50 degrees North latitude which became Karafuto Prefecture , as well as many mineral rights in Manchuria.

In addition, Russia's defeat cleared the way for Japan to annex Korea outright in In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, various Western countries actively competed for influence, trade, and territory in East Asia , and Japan sought to join these modern colonial powers. The newly modernised Meiji government of Japan turned to Korea, then in the sphere of influence of China 's Qing dynasty. The Japanese government initially sought to separate Korea from Qing and make Korea a Japanese satellite in order to further their security and national interests. In January , following the Meiji Restoration , Japan employed gunboat diplomacy to pressure the Joseon Dynasty into signing the Japan—Korea Treaty of , which granted extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens and opened three Korean ports to Japanese trade.

The rights granted to Japan under this unequal treaty , [39] were similar to those granted western powers in Japan following the visit of Commodore Perry. Korea was occupied and declared a Japanese protectorate following the Japan—Korea Treaty of After proclaimed the founding of the Korean Empire , Korea was officially annexed in Japan through the annexation treaty in Other terms include "Japanese Imperial Period" Hangul: The and treaties were eventually declared "null and void" by both Japan and South Korea in Japan entered World War I on the side of the Allies in , seizing the opportunity of Germany's distraction with the European War to expand its sphere of influence in China and the Pacific.

Routledge Library Editions: Japan

Japan declared war on Germany on August 23, The swift invasion in the German territory of the Kiautschou Bay concession and the Siege of Tsingtao proved successful. The German colonial troops surrendered on November 7, , and Japan gained the German holdings. With its Western allies, notably the United Kingdom, heavily involved in the war in Europe, Japan dispatched a Naval fleet to the Mediterranean Sea to aid Allied shipping. Japan sought further to consolidate its position in China by presenting the Twenty-One Demands to China in January In the face of slow negotiations with the Chinese government, widespread anti-Japanese sentiment in China , and international condemnation, Japan withdrew the final group of demands, and treaties were signed in May The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was renewed and expanded in scope twice, in and , before its demise in It was officially terminated in After the fall of the Tsarist regime and the later provisional regime in , the new Bolshevik government signed a separate peace treaty with Germany.

After this the Russians fought amongst themselves in a multi-sided civil war. In July , President Wilson asked the Japanese government to supply 7, troops as part of an international coalition of 25, troops planned to support the American Expeditionary Force Siberia. Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake agreed to send 12, troops but under the Japanese command rather than as part of an international coalition. The Japanese had several hidden motives for the venture, which included an intense hostility and fear of communism; a determination to recoup historical losses to Russia; and the desire to settle the "northern problem" in Japan's security, either through the creation of a buffer state or through outright territorial acquisition.

Japan received Polish orphans from Siberia. In June , around Japanese civilians and Japanese soldiers, along with Russian White Army supporters, were massacred by partisan forces associated with the Red Army at Nikolayevsk on the Amur River ; the United States and its allied coalition partners consequently withdrew from Vladivostok after the capture and execution of White Army leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak by the Red Army.

However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily due to fears of the spread of Communism so close to Japan and Japanese-controlled Korea and Manchuria. Japanese casualties from the expedition were 5, dead from combat or illness, with the expedition costing over million yen. The public grew disillusioned with the growing national debt and the new election laws, which retained the old minimum tax qualifications for voters. Calls were raised for universal suffrage and the dismantling of the old political party network. Students, university professors, and journalists, bolstered by labor unions and inspired by a variety of democratic, socialist, communist, anarchist, and other thoughts, mounted large but orderly public demonstrations in favor of universal male suffrage in and This culminated in the passage of universal male suffrage in March This bill gave all male subjects over the age of 25 the right to vote, provided they had lived in their electoral districts for at least one year and were not homeless.

The electorate thereby increased from 3. In the political milieu of the day, there was a proliferation of new parties, including socialist and communist parties. Fear of a broader electorate, left-wing power, and the growing social change led to the passage of the Peace Preservation Law in , which forbade any change in the political structure or the abolition of private property.

Despite the political realignments and hope for more orderly government, domestic economic crises plagued whichever party held power. Fiscal austerity programs and appeals for public support of such conservative government policies as the Peace Preservation Law—including reminders of the moral obligation to make sacrifices for the emperor and the state—were attempted as solutions. In , Park Chun-kum was elected to the House of Representatives in the Japanese general election as the first person elected from a colonial background. Overall, during the s, Japan changed its direction toward a democratic system of government.

However, parliamentary government was not rooted deeply enough to withstand the economic and political pressures of the s, during which military leaders became increasingly influential. These shifts in power were made possible by the ambiguity and imprecision of the Meiji Constitution , particularly as regarded the position of the Emperor in relation to the constitution.

Amongst the himitsu kessha secret societies , the Kokuryu-kai and Kokka Shakai Shugi Gakumei National Socialist League also had close ties to the government. The Tonarigumi residents committee groups, the Nation Service Society national government trade union , and Imperial Farmers Association were all allied as well.

Other organizations and groups related with the government in wartime were: Sadao Araki was an important figurehead and founder of the Army party and the most important right-wing thinker in his time. From September , the Japanese were becoming more locked into the course that would lead them into the Second World War, with Araki leading the way. Totalitarianism , militarism , and expansionism were to become the rule, with fewer voices able to speak against it.

The concept of Kodo linked the Emperor, the people, land, and morality as indivisible. This led to the creation of a "new" Shinto and increased Emperor worship. However, both factions believed in expansionism, a strong military, and a coming war. The state was being transformed to serve the Army and the Emperor. Symbolic katana swords came back into fashion as the martial embodiment of these beliefs, and the Nambu pistol became its contemporary equivalent, with the implicit message that the Army doctrine of close combat would prevail. The final objective, as envisioned by Army thinkers such as Sadao Araki and right-wing line followers, was a return to the old Shogunate system, but in the form of a contemporary Military Shogunate.

In such a government the Emperor would once more be a figurehead as in the Edo period. On the other hand, the traditionalist Navy militarists defended the Emperor and a constitutional monarchy with a significant religious aspect. With the launching of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association in by Prime minister Fumimaro Konoe , Japan would turn to a form of government that resembled totalitarianism. At same time, the zaibatsu trading groups principally Mitsubishi , Mitsui , Sumitomo , and Yasuda looked towards great future expansion. Their main concern was a shortage of raw materials.

Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe combined social concerns with the needs of capital, and planned for expansion. The main goals of Japan's expansionism were acquisition and protection of spheres of influence, maintenance of territorial integrity, acquisition of raw materials, and access to Asian markets.

Western nations, notably Great Britain, France, and the United States, had for long exhibited great interest in the commercial opportunities in China and other parts of Asia. These opportunities had attracted Western investment because of the availability of raw materials for both domestic production and re-export to Asia.

The Great Depression , just as in many other countries, hindered Japan's economic growth. The Japanese Empire's main problem lay in that rapid industrial expansion had turned the country into a major manufacturing and industrial power that required raw materials; however, these had to be obtained from overseas, as there was a critical lack of natural resources on the home islands.

In the s and s, Japan needed to import raw materials such as iron, rubber, and oil to maintain strong economic growth. Most of these resources came from the United States. The Japanese felt that acquiring resource-rich territories would establish economic self-sufficiency and independence, and they also hoped to jump-start the nation's economy in the midst of the depression.

As a result, Japan set its sights on East Asia , specifically Manchuria with its many resources; Japan needed these resources to continue its economic development and maintain national integrity. In , Japan invaded and conquered Northeast China Manchuria with little resistance. Japan claimed that this invasion was a liberation of the local Manchus from the Chinese, although the majority of the population were Han Chinese as a result of the large scale settlement of Chinese in Manchuria in the 19th century.

Japan then established a puppet regime called Manchukuo Chinese: Jehol , a Chinese territory bordering Manchukuo, was later also taken in This puppet regime had to carry on a protracted pacification campaign against the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies in Manchuria. At that time, East Asians were banned from immigration to North America and Australia , but the newly established Manchukuo was open to immigration of Asians.

Japan had an emigration plan to encourage colonization; the Japanese population in Manchuria subsequently grew to , Japan invaded China proper in , creating what was essentially a three-way war between Japan, Mao Zedong 's communists, and Chiang Kai-shek 's nationalists. On December 13 of that same year, the Nationalist capital of Nanking surrendered to Japanese troops. In the event known as the " Nanking Massacre ", Japanese troops massacred a large number of the defending garrison. It is estimated that as many as , people, including civilians, may have been killed, although the actual numbers are uncertain and the government of the People's Republic of China has never undertaken a full accounting of the massacre.

A puppet state was also set up in China quickly afterwards, headed by Wang Jingwei. This incursion was founded in the Japanese belief that the Soviet Union misinterpreted the demarcation of the boundary, as stipulated in the Treaty of Peking , between Imperial Russia and Manchu China and subsequent supplementary agreements on demarcation , and furthermore, that the demarcation markers were tampered with.

On May 11, , in the Nomonhan Incident Battle of Khalkhin Gol , a Mongolian cavalry unit of some 70 to 90 men entered the disputed area in search of grazing for their horses, and encountered Manchukuoan cavalry, who drove them out. Two days later the Mongolian force returned and the Manchukoans were unable to evict them. Joseph Stalin ordered Stavka , the Red Army 's high command, to develop a plan for a counterstrike against the Japanese. In late August, Georgy Zhukov employed encircling tactics that made skillful use of superior artillery, armor, and air forces; this offensive nearly annihilated the 23rd Division and decimated the IJA 7th Division.

On September 15 an armistice was arranged. Nearly two years later, on April 13, , the parties signed a Neutrality Pact , in which the Soviet Union pledged to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Manchukuo, while Japan agreed similarly for the Mongolian People's Republic. In , Japan prohibited the expulsion of the Jews in Japan, Manchuria , and China in accordance with the spirit of racial equality on which Japan had insisted for many years. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of —41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort.

The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of Southeast Asia —specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies modern-day Indonesia. Their objectives were to "establish and maintain a new order of things" in their respective world regions and spheres of influence, with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in Europe, and Imperial Japan in Asia.

The signatories of this alliance become known as the Axis Powers. The pact also called for mutual protection—if any one of the member powers was attacked by a country not already at war, excluding the Soviet Union —and for technological and economic cooperation between the signatories. Facing an oil embargo by the United States as well as dwindling domestic reserves, the Japanese government decided to execute a plan developed by Isoroku Yamamoto to attack the United States Pacific Fleet in Hawaii. American forces sustained significant losses.