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Table of contents

Overview: Genesis Ch. 1-11

God creates the first humans Adam and Eve and all the animals in the Garden of Eden but instructs them not to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. A talking serpent portrayed as a deceptive creature or trickster , entices Eve into eating it against God's wishes, and she entices Adam, whereupon God throws them out and curses them—Adam to getting what he needs only by sweat and work, and Eve to giving birth in pain.

This is interpreted by Christians as the fall of humanity. Eve bears two sons, Cain and Abel. Cain kills Abel after God accepts Abel's offering but not Cain's. God then curses Cain. Eve bears another son, Seth , to take Abel's place. After many generations of Adam have passed from the lines of Cain and Seth, the world becomes corrupted by human sin and Nephilim , and God determines to wipe out humanity.

First, he instructs the righteous Noah and his family to build an ark and put examples of all the animals on it, seven pairs of every clean animal and one pair of every unclean. Then God sends a great flood to wipe out the rest of the world.

Bible: The Old Testament

When the waters recede, God promises he will never destroy the world with water again, using the rainbow as a symbol of his promise. God sees mankind cooperating to build a great tower city, the Tower of Babel , and divides humanity with many languages and sets them apart with confusion.

God instructs Abram to travel from his home in Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan. There, God makes a covenant with Abram, promising that his descendants shall be as numerous as the stars, but that people will suffer oppression in a foreign land for four hundred years, after which they will inherit the land "from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates ". Abram's name is changed to Abraham and that of his wife Sarai to Sarah , and circumcision of all males is instituted as the sign of the covenant. Due to her old age, Sarah tells Abraham to take her Egyptian handmaiden, Hagar , as a second wife.

Through Hagar, Abraham fathers Ishmael. God resolves to destroy the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah for the sins of their people. Abraham protests and gets God to agree not to destroy the cities for the sake of ten righteous men. Angels save Abraham's nephew Lot and his family, but his wife looks back on the destruction against their command and turns into a pillar of salt. Lot's daughters, concerned that they are fugitives who will never find husbands, get him drunk to become pregnant by him, and give birth to the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites. Abraham and Sarah go to the Philistine town of Gerar , pretending to be brother and sister they are half-siblings.

The King of Gerar takes Sarah for his wife, but God warns him to return her, and he obeys. God sends Sarah a son whom she will name Isaac ; through him will be the establishment of the covenant. Sarah drives Ishmael and his mother Hagar out into the wilderness, but God saves them and promises to make Ishmael a great nation. God tests Abraham by demanding that he sacrifice Isaac. As Abraham is about to lay the knife upon his son, God restrains him, promising him numberless descendants.

On the death of Sarah, Abraham purchases Machpelah believed to be modern Hebron for a family tomb and sends his servant to Mesopotamia to find among his relations a wife for Isaac; after proving herself, Rebekah becomes Isaac's betrothed. Keturah , Abraham's other wife, births more children, among whose descendants are the Midianites. Abraham dies at a prosperous old age and his family lays him to rest in Hebron.

Isaac's wife Rebecca gives birth to the twins Esau , father of the Edomites , and Jacob. Through deception, Jacob becomes the heir instead of Esau and gains his father's blessing. He flees to his uncle where he prospers and earns his two wives, Rachel and Leah. Jacob's name is changed to Israel, and by his wives and their handmaidens he has twelve sons, the ancestors of the twelve tribes of the Children of Israel, and a daughter, Dinah.

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Joseph , Jacob's favorite son, makes his brothers jealous and they sell him into slavery in Egypt. Joseph prospers, after hardship, with God's guidance of interpreting Pharaoh's dream of upcoming famine. He is then reunited with his father and brothers, who fail to recognize him, and plead for food. After much manipulation, he reveals himself and lets them and their households into Egypt, where Pharaoh assigns to them the land of Goshen. Jacob calls his sons to his bedside and reveals their future before he dies.

Joseph lives to an old age and exhorts his brethren, if God should lead them out of the country, to take his bones with them.

Genesis takes its Hebrew title from the first word of the first sentence, Bereshit , meaning "In [the] beginning [of]"; in the Greek Septuagint it was called Genesis , from the phrase "the generations of heaven and earth". The Qumran group provides the oldest manuscripts but covers only a small proportion of the book; in general, the Masoretic Text is well preserved and reliable, but there are many individual instances where the other versions preserve a superior reading.

For much of the 20th century most scholars agreed that the five books of the Pentateuch —Genesis, Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers and Deuteronomy —came from four sources, the Yahwist , the Elohist , the Deuteronomist and the Priestly source , each telling the same basic story, and joined together by various editors. The Deuteronomistic source does not appear in Genesis. Scholars use examples of repeated and duplicate stories to identify the separate sources.

In Genesis these include three different accounts of a Patriarch claiming that his wife was his sister, the two creation stories, and the two versions of Abraham sending Hagar and Ishmael into the desert. This leaves the question of when these works were created. Scholars in the first half of the 20th century came to the conclusion that the Yahwist is a product of the monarchic period, specifically at the court of Solomon , 10th century BC, and the Priestly work in the middle of the 5th century BC with claims that the author is Ezra , but more recent thinking is that the Yahwist is from either just before or during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC, and the Priestly final edition was made late in the Exilic period or soon after.


  • Magical Circle Newsletter: Lammas 2008.
  • Book of Exodus.
  • Genesis, Chapters 1–11;
  • No Rhyme Or Reason?

As for why the book was created, a theory which has gained considerable interest, although still controversial is "Persian imperial authorisation". The two powerful groups making up the community—the priestly families who controlled the Temple and who traced their origin to Moses and the wilderness wanderings, and the major landowning families who made up the "elders" and who traced their own origins to Abraham, who had "given" them the land—were in conflict over many issues, and each had its own "history of origins", but the Persian promise of greatly increased local autonomy for all provided a powerful incentive to cooperate in producing a single text.

Genesis is perhaps best seen as an example of a creation myth , a type of literature telling of the first appearance of humans, the stories of ancestors and heroes, and the origins of culture, cities and so forth. In David Clines published his influential The Theme of the Pentateuch — influential because he was one of the first to take up the question of the theme of the entire five books. Clines' conclusion was that the overall theme is "the partial fulfillment — which implies also the partial nonfulfillment — of the promise to or blessing of the Patriarchs". By calling the fulfillment "partial" Clines was drawing attention to the fact that at the end of Deuteronomy the people are still outside Canaan.

SparkNotes: Bible: The Old Testament: Exodus

The patriarchs , or ancestors, are Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, with their wives Joseph is normally excluded. Through the patriarchs God announces the election of Israel, meaning that he has chosen Israel to be his special people and committed himself to their future. The promise itself has three parts: offspring, blessings, and land.

The ancestors, however, retain their faith in God and God in each case gives a son — in Jacob's case, twelve sons, the foundation of the chosen Israelites. Each succeeding generation of the three promises attains a more rich fulfillment, until through Joseph "all the world" attains salvation from famine, [30] and by bringing the children of Israel down to Egypt he becomes the means through which the promise can be fulfilled.

Scholars generally agree that the theme of divine promise unites the patriarchal cycles, but many would dispute the efficacy of trying to examine Genesis' theology by pursuing a single overarching theme, instead citing as more productive the analysis of the Abraham cycle, the Jacob cycle, and the Joseph cycle, and the Yahwist and Priestly sources. To this basic plot which comes from the Yahwist the Priestly source has added a series of covenants dividing history into stages, each with its own distinctive "sign".

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The first covenant is between God and all living creatures, and is marked by the sign of the rainbow; the second is with the descendants of Abraham Ishmaelites and others as well as Israelites , and its sign is circumcision ; and the last, which does not appear until the book of Exodus , is with Israel alone, and its sign is Sabbath. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the comics, see The Book of Genesis comics. Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy.

See also: Primeval history and Patriarchal age. Main article: Documentary hypothesis. Main article: Weekly Torah portion. Bible portal. Freedman Ed. Clifford; Daniel J.

Harrington Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction. Paulist Press. Sweeney, Marvin In Evans, Craig A.

Book of Genesis

Bandstra, Barry L. Reading the Old Testament. Cengage Learning. Bergant, Dianne Genesis: In the Beginning. Liturgical Press. Blenkinsopp, Joseph Continuum International Publishing Group. Brueggemann, Walter Atlanta: John Knox Press. Carr, David M. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. Cotter, David W De La Torre, Miguel Belief: A Theological Commentary on the Bible. Westminster John Knox Press. Fretheim, Terence E. Edited by Leander E.