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Having assumed that the AEF could not be organized in time to support military operations on the Western Front, the Allies had asked only for financial, economic, and naval assistance.

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By early , American plans had called for concentrating an independent army on the Western Front, which Pershing hoped would spearhead a decisive offensive against Germany. The exhaustion of the Allies, stemming from the setbacks of , increased their dependence on U. From the start, Pershing insisted that the integrity of the American army be preserved, making a firm stand against French tutelage and the French desire to infuse the new American blood into their ranks.


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Pershing also opposed proposals to divert some U. The Supreme War Council, an institution established to coordinate the political-military strategy of the Allies, continually recommended amalgamation and that diversionary operations be conducted elsewhere than in France, but Pershing remained unmoved. He argued that the fielding of an independent American army would be a serious blow to German morale and provide a permanent uplift to American self-confidence.

At the Second Battle of the Somme , German armies advanced 40 miles 64 km and captured some 70, Allied prisoners.

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These pressures subsided when the Allies assumed the offensive during the summer, however, and Pershing reverted to his previous policy. Though incomplete preparations and inexperience slowed the Meuse-Argonne operations, the inter-Allied offensive in France destroyed German resistance in early October and led to the Armistice the following month.

Pershing was criticized for operational and logistic errors, but his creation of the AEF was a remarkable achievement.


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  5. He returned home with a sound reputation, and, on September 1, , he was given the rank of general of the armies of the United States. His determination and dedication had gained him the respect and admiration of his men, if not their affection. Eschewing politics, Pershing remained in the army, serving as chief of staff from until his retirement three years later.

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    American Expeditionary Forces Memorial

    Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Pershing into Mexico in hot pursuit of Villa, but the wily guerrilla eluded Pershing, and, the deeper the U. There were two serious skirmishes between regular Mexican and U. Furthermore, Pershing, the U. Thus, the Americans from the front northwest….

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    By carefully examining the documents, Trask has produced an outstanding book that sheds welcome light on the AEF and its commander. See all reviews In doing so he has produced the best volume we have on the topic. It will be read with enjoyment as well as profit by everyone with a serious interest in the American army and the Great War.


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    5. In so doing, he has revised the beliefs of an earlier generation of AEF historians, and thus produced a valuable book. He provides the most cogent assessment available of the enigmatic American commander, General John J. Trask's portrayal of Pershing reveals a self-righteous leader who was unwilling to correct initial misconceptions that marred the doctrine and training of the AEF. Consequently, Trask demonstrates, Pershing's stormy relations with Allied military and civilian leader seriously undermined the AEF and its efforts to conduct coalition warfare.