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The Peanut Butter Falcon. Zombieland: Double Tap. You Were Never Really Here. Gemini Man. Ad Astra. In , Bismarck signed an accord with Russia, giving Russia liberty of action in the Balkans in exchange for neutrality in the event of a war between France and Prussia. This treaty put additional pressure on Austria, which also had interests in the Balkans, not to ally itself with France.

Bismarck also reached out to the liberal government of William Gladstone in London, offering to protect the neutrality of Belgium against a French threat. In any war between France and Prussia, France would be entirely alone. Bismarck thought that French vanity would lead to war; he exploited that vanity in the Ems Dispatch in July France took the bait and declared war on Prussia. Napoleon III and France in the summer of made the last mistake, France declared war on Prussia, allowing Bismarck and Prussia to present to the world this war as defensive, although Prussia and Bismarck had aggressive plans and it soon became known in relation to the annexation of the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.

In his memoirs written long after the war, Bismarck wrote: "I always considered that a war with France would naturally follow a war against Austria I was convinced that the gulf which was created over time between the north and the south of Germany could not be better overcome than by a national war against the neighbouring people who were aggressive against us.

I did not doubt that it was necessary to make a French-German war before the general reorganization of Germany could be realized. In Bavaria , the largest of the southern German states, unification with mostly Protestant Prussia was being opposed by the Patriotic Party, which favoured a confederacy of Catholic Bavaria with Catholic Austria. German Protestant public opinion was on the side of unification with Prussia, but might not remain so forever. In France, patriotic sentiment was also growing. On 8 May , French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a national plebiscite, with 7,, votes yes against 1,, votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in The Emperor was less popular in Paris and the big cities, but highly popular in the French countryside.

Napoleon had named a new foreign minister, Antoine Agenor, the Duke de Gramont , the French ambassador to Berlin, who was hostile to Bismarck. The Emperor was weak and ill, but the more extreme Bonapartists were prepared to show their strength against the republicans and monarchists in the parliament.


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In July , Bismarck found a cause for a war in an old dynastic dispute. At the end of Napoleon III had let it be known to the Prussian king and his Chancellor Bismarck that a Hohenzollern prince on the throne of Spain would not be acceptable to France.

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King Wilhelm had no desire to enter into a war against Napoleon III and did not pursue the subject further. At the end of May, however, Bismarck wrote to the father of Leopold, asking him to put pressure upon his son to accept the candidacy to be King of Spain. Leopold, solicited by both his father and Bismarck, agreed. The news of Leopold's candidacy, published 2 July , aroused fury in the French parliament and press.

The government was attacked by both the republicans and monarchist opposition, and by the ultra-Bonapartists, for its weakness against Prussia. He asked Marshal Leboeuf , the chief of staff of the French army, if the army was prepared for a war against Prussia. Leboeuf responded that the French soldiers had a rifle superior to the Prussian rifle, that the French artillery was commanded by an elite corps of officers, and that the army "would not lack a button on its puttees".

He assured the Emperor that the French army could have four hundred thousand men on the Rhine in less than fifteen days. On 10 July, he told Leopold's father that his candidacy should be withdrawn. Leopold resisted the idea, but finally agreed on the 11th, and the withdrawal of the candidacy was announced on the 12th, a diplomatic victory for Napoleon.

On the evening of the 12th, after meeting with the Empress and with his foreign minister, Gramont, he decided to push his success a little further; he would ask King Wilhelm to guarantee the Prussian government would never again make such a demand for the Spanish throne. The King told him courteously that he agreed fully with the withdrawal of the Hohenzollern candidacy, but that he could not make promises on behalf of the government for the future. He considered that the matter was closed.

As he was instructed by Gramont, Benedetti asked for another meeting with the King to repeat the request, but the King politely, yet firmly, refused. Benedetti returned to Paris and the affair seemed finished. However, Bismarck edited the official dispatch of the meeting to make it appear that both sides had been hostile: "His majesty the King," the dispatch read, "refused to meet again with the French ambassador, and let him know, through an aide-de-camp of service, that His Majesty had nothing more to say to the Ambassador. The Ems telegram had exactly the effect that Bismarck had intended.

Once again, public opinion in France was inflamed. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap. A crowd of 15—20, persons, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government.

When France entered the war there were patriotic demonstrations in the streets of Paris, with crowds singing the Marseillaise and chanting "To Berlin! To Berlin!

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On 28 July, he departed Saint-Cloud by train for the front. He was accompanied by the year-old Prince Imperial in the uniform of the army, by his military staff, and by a large contingent of chefs and servants in livery. He was pale and visibly in pain. The Empress remained in Paris as the regent, as she had done on other occasions when the Emperor was out of the country.

The mobilization of the French army was chaotic. Two hundred thousand soldiers converged on the German frontier, along a front of kilometers, choking all the roads and railways for miles. Officers were unable to find their units, and units were unable to find their officers. Von Moltke and the German army, with experience mobilizing in the war against Austria, were able to efficiently move three armies of , men to a more concentrated front of just kilometers.

In addition, the German soldiers were backed by a substantial reserve of the Landwehr Territorial defence , with , men, and an additional reserve of , territorial guards. The French army arrived at the frontier equipped with maps of Germany, but without maps of France—where the actual fighting took place—and without a specific plan of what it was going to do.


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The French won a minor skirmish and advanced no further. Napoleon III, very ill, was unable to ride his horse, and had to support himself by leaning against a tree. In the meantime, the Germans had assembled a much larger army opposite Alsace and Lorraine than the French had expected or were aware of. On 4 August the Germans attacked with overwhelming force against a French division in Alsatia at the Battle of Wissembourg German: Weissenburg , forcing it to retreat.

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The French soldiers fought bravely, and French cavalry and infantry attacked the German lines repeatedly, but the Germans had superior logistics, communications, and leadership. The decisive weapon was the new German Krupp six pound field gun , which had a steel barrel and was loaded by the breech, and had a longer range, higher rate of fire, and more accuracy than the bronze muzzle-loading French cannons. The Krupp guns caused terrible casualties in the French ranks. When the news of the French defeats reached Paris on 7 August, it was greeted with disbelief and dismay.

Prime Minister Ollivier and the chief of staff of the army, Marshal Leboeuf both resigned. She chose General Cousin-Montauban , better known as the Count of Palikao, seventy-four years old, the former commander of the French expeditionary force to China, as her new prime minister. Napoleon III proposed returning to Paris, realizing that he was doing no good for the army. The Empress, in charge of the government responded by telegraph, "Don't think of coming back, unless you want to unleash a terrible revolution.

They will say you quit the army to flee the danger. At the front, the Emperor told Marshal Leboeuf, "we've both been dismissed. On 18 August , the biggest battle of the war, the Battle of Gravelotte took place in Lorraine between the Germans and the army of Marshal Bazaine. The Germans suffered 20, casualties and the French 12,, but the Germans emerged as the victor, as Marshal Bazaine's army, with , soldiers, six divisions of cavalry and five hundred cannons, was trapped inside the fortifications of Metz, unable to move.

MacMahon, Marshal Bazaine, and the count of Palikao, with the Empress in Paris, all had different ideas on what the army should do next, and the Emperor had to act as a referee among them.

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The Emperor and MacMahon proposed moving their army closer to Paris to protect the city, but on 17 August Bazaine telegraphed to the Emperor: "I urge you to renounce this idea, which seems to abandon the Army at Metz Couldn't you make a powerful diversion toward the Prussian corps, which are already exhausted by so many battles? The Empress shares my opinion. The Emperor, riding in an open carriage, was jeered, sworn at and insulted by demoralized soldiers. The direction of movement of MacMahon's army was supposed to be secret, but it was published in the French press and thus was quickly known to the German general staff.

The German commander, Helmuth von Moltke , ordered two Prussian armies which were marching toward Paris to turn towards MacMahon's army. On 30 August one corps of MacMahon's army was attacked by the Germans at Beaumont, losing five hundred men and forty cannons.

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MacMahon, believing he was ahead of the Germans, decided to stop and reorganize his forces at the fortified city of Sedan , in the Ardennes close to the Belgian border. The battle of Sedan was a total disaster for the French—the army surrendered to the Prussians and Napoleon himself was made a prisoner of war. The Germans arrived on 31 August, and by 1 September occupied the heights around Sedan, placed batteries of artillery, and began to shell the French positions below.

At five o'clock in the morning on 1 September a German shell seriously wounded MacMahon in the hip.