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Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz was a Prussian general and military theorist His most notable work, Vom Kriege (On War), was unfinished at his death. .. wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy. .. In Civilization V: Brave New World, an autocratic nation can adopt the.
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According to a Quinnipiac poll, 36 percent of respondents had an unfavorable view of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. White House. By Matthew Continetti.


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Mitch McConnell was clear when he addressed the Senate on December Any impeachment trial of President Trump would follow the precedent established by the trial of President Clinton 20 years ago. The Senate agreed unanimously to begin with a briefing, opening By Madeleine Kearns. Meghan Markle certainly knows how to play her part.

And she should — she wrote it, after all. Soon after getting engaged to the English prince, the Hollywood star announced her retirement from acting.

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It was an odd choice for a self-proclaimed progressive feminist: To marry into the most conservative By Katherine Timpf. The tombstone reads:. There is no single "correct" spelling for German names before the early nineteenth century. Vital records were kept by pastors in their parish records. Different pastors used different spellings and commonly ignored how their predecessor may have spelled the same name.


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It appears that pastors recorded names as they heard them and spelled them as they believed they should be spelled. Pastors treated persons of importance or high status such as nobility or civil or military officials more deferentially. For the names of such persons it can make sense to distinguish between such spellings as "Carl" or "Karl" even then.

The situation changed radically in the Napoleonic era when French civil servants introduced greater discipline in keeping vital records in German lands. Spellings of family and given names were "frozen" in whatever state they happened to be in then. It was, however, not unusual for brothers who made their homes in different parishes to have their family names spelled differently. Such variations endure to this day and confound amateur genealogists who are not familiar with the fluidity of German spellings before the Napoleonic reforms.

While spellings of names were fluid when Clausewitz was born, they had become firm by the time of his death. That is why it makes sense to accept the spelling of his name as recorded on his tombstone which, presumably, agrees with the vital records of his death. Despite his death just prior to completing On War, Clausewitz' ideas have been widely influential in military theory. Later Prussian and German generals such as Helmuth Graf von Moltke were clearly influenced by Clausewitz: Moltke's famous statement that "No campaign plan survives first contact with the enemy" is a classic reflection of Clausewitz's insistence on the roles of chance, friction, "fog," and uncertainty in war.

The idea that actual war includes "friction" which deranges, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements, has become common currency in other fields as well e. Some claim that nuclear proliferation makes Clausewitzian concepts obsolescent after a period—i. Sheppard, Jr. No two nuclear powers have ever used their nuclear weapons against each other, instead using conventional means or proxy wars to settle disputes.

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If, hypothetically, such a conflict did in fact occur, both combatants would be effectively annihilated. Others, however, argue that the essentials of Clausewitz's theoretical approach remain valid, but that our thinking must adjust to changed realities. Knowing that "war is an expression of politics" does us no good unless we have a valid definition of "politics" and an understanding of how it is reflected in a specific situation. The latter may well turn on religious passions, private interests and armies, etc.

While many commentators are quick to dismiss Clausewitz's political context as obsolete, it seems worthwhile to note that the states of the twentieth century were very different from Clausewitz's Prussia, and yet the World Wars are generally seen as "Clausewitzian warfare;" similarly, North and South Vietnam, and the United States as well, were quite unlike 18th-century European states, yet it was the war in Indochina that brought the importance of Clausewitzian theory forcefully home to American thinkers. Clausewitz himself was well aware of the politics that drove the Thirty Years War, a conflict that bears a great deal of similarity to the current struggle in Iraq.

Timing Is Important

The idea that states cannot suppress rebellions or terrorism in a nuclear-armed world does not bear up well in the light of experience: Just as some rebellions and revolutions succeeded and some failed before , some rebellions and revolutions have succeeded and some have failed in the years since. Insurgencies were successfully suppressed in the Philippines , Yemen , and Malaysia —just a few of many examples. Successful revolutions may destroy some states, but the revolutionaries simply establish new and stronger states—e.

The real problem in determining Clausewitz's continuing relevance lies not with his own theoretical approach, which has stood up well over nearly two centuries of intense military and political change. Rather, the problem lies in the way that thinkers with more immediate concerns have adapted Clausewitzian theory to their own narrowly defined eras. Yet we always seem to be comfortable describing the age of warfare just past as "Clausewitzian"—even though Clausewitz never saw a machinegun, a tank, a Viet Cong, or a nuclear weapon.

The phrase fog of war derives from Clausewitz's stress on how confused warfare can seem while one is immersed within it. In the simplified and often confused form in which it appears in official US military doctrine, "Center of Gravity" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at either the operational, strategic, or political level.

Trump says airstrike was ordered ‘to stop a war.’

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. They are to depart in the coming days, joining troops already deployed, officials said. The strike, regarded by analysts as perhaps the riskiest American move in the Middle East since the invasion of Iraq in , threatened to inflame hostilities across the region.

We have to act and we will act. Asked if Iran would act militarily, Mr. In the hours after the American strike, thousands of pro-Iranian social media accounts went to work. Accounts on Twitter and Instagram tagged the White House with death threats and posted images of President Trump with a severed head and coffins covered in the American flag, alongside the hashtag Operation Hard Revenge.

But they tweeted pro-Iranian, anti-American content at a rate of 3, tweets every 45 minutes, according to New York Times data. The social media activity may just be an opening salvo, experts said. Over the past year, Iranian hackers have taken aim at Mr.

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They have also targeted telecom companies, infrastructure systems and more than oil, gas and heavy machinery companies around the world. Lewis, a cybersecurity expert at the Center for Strategic Studies in Washington. The question is what services — pipelines? Lewis and other experts said.

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But Tehran is much further along than American officials gave it credit for in , when a classified intelligence assessment concluded that it had the motivation to inflict harm, but lacked the skills and resources to do so. Lewis said. Expect to see a lot more testing of how far they can get into company networks, universities, federal networks and smaller government networks in towns and cities. Iranian leaders issued strident calls on Friday for revenge against the United States after the killing of Maj. Qassim Suleimani in an overnight airstrike at the Baghdad airport.

The American strike spurred mass displays of public mourning by Iran and its network of allies across the Middle East. On Friday, Mr. General Suleimani was the head of the powerful Quds Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps and the architect of nearly every significant operation by Iranian intelligence and military forces over the past two decades.

Suleimani was in a vehicle struck by two missiles as his convoy exited the airport. The strike was carried out by an MQ-9 Reaper drone that fired missiles on a convoy of vehicles leaving the airport. Several other officials from Iraqi militias backed by Tehran were also killed. The United States has long been at odds with Iran over its nuclear program and influence in Iraq and other countries in the region. Those tensions have surged under the Trump administration. The strike on Friday was the latest escalation between the two nations after a rocket attack on an Iraqi military base, believed to have been carried out by an Iran-backed militia, killed an American contractor in December.

The United States hit back with airstrikes on an Iranian-backed militia that killed 24 and prompted outrage among some who saw that attack as a violation of Iraqi sovereignty.