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The moko-kauae chin-tattoo is often based on one's role in the iwi. They originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia , who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages at some time between and CE. Oral history tells of a long voyage from Hawaiki the mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia in large ocean-going canoes waka. Europeans migrated to New Zealand in increasing numbers from From Maori entered a long period of cultural and numerical decline. Part of the problem is that high culture is often mistaken for culture in general, and the lack of recognition historically given to New Zealand's artists, writers and composers is seen as evidence of a lack of culture.
Others argue that belief in the 'absence' of culture in NZ is a symptom of white privilege , allowing members of a dominant group to see their culture as 'normal' or 'default', rather than as a specific position of relative advantage. Ethnic communities within New Zealand retain features of their own cultures, and these have, in some areas, spread to become popular with the general population.
Settler groups from many cultures added to the make-up of the country, with many groups concentrated around specific geographic areas. From the mid twentieth century on, waves of immigrants have entered the country from different ethnic backgrounds, notable Dutch and central Europeans during the s, Pacific Islanders since the s, and northern Chinese, Indians, and southeast Asians since the s. To celebrate its diverse Pacific cultures, the Auckland region hosts several Pacific Island festivals.
Two of the major ones are Polyfest , which showcases performances of the secondary school cultural groups in the Auckland region, [25] and Pasifika , a festival that celebrates Pacific island heritage through traditional food, music, dance, and entertainment. The popular music style of Urban Pasifika also has its origins in the New Zealand Pacific Island community, and has become a major strand in New Zealand music culture. The horse was adopted, particularly on the East coast.
European tools and particularly weapons were frequently decorated with traditional motifs, for example wooden musket and rifle stocks acquired elaborate carving. An example of this is the mass haka which takes place in Parliament Square in London every Waitangi Day. One example of this is the "haka party attack" of University of Auckland engineering students had a tradition of performing a mock haka at graduation. However, despite some attempts to copyright cultural intellectual property this does not always occur and forms are still sometimes used in inappropriate ways.
Most popular New Zealand music derives from Anglo-American styles, particularly rock music , hip-hop , electronic dance music and related subgenres. Although there is evidence of a "New Zealand style", many groups incorporate New Zealand themes into their work, so this style affects each genre differently. More recently however from the start of the 21st century Dub-step, Drum and Bass, Jungle Trance and related subgenres, derived from England, has been further developed by New Zealanders into a unique sound, exemplified by Salmonella Dub , Shapeshifter and many others.
The visual arts have also shown the influence of international movements, for example cubism in the early work of Colin McCahon. In general, the development of international mass media and mass communication has meant New Zealanders have always been aware of developments in other countries; this lends itself to the adoption of new forms and styles from overseas.
New Zealand has three official languages: Numerous other languages are spoken in New Zealand due to its high racial diversity as a country. New Zealand English is close to Australian English in pronunciation, but has several differences often overlooked by people from outside these countries.
The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: The New Zealand accent also has some Scottish and Irish influences from the large number of settlers from those places during the 19th century. At the time of the census, English was spoken by The language went into decline in terms of use following European colonisation, but since the s mildly successful efforts have been made to reverse this trend.
Historically, there were distinct dialects of Te Reo, most notably a softer version associated with the southern extreme of the country, though these have been almost completely subsumed by a standardised dialect originally found around the Waikato area. Like other natural sign languages, it was devised by and for Deaf people, with no linguistic connection to a spoken or written language, and it is fully capable of expressing anything a fluent signer wants to say. It uses more lip-patterns in conjunction with hand and facial movement to cue signs than BSL, reflecting New Zealand's history of oralist education of deaf people.
Culture of New Zealand
According to the census, languages are used in New Zealand including sign languages. As recorded in the census, Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language 2. New Zealand has two ' high cultural ' traditions: However most cultural material consumed in New Zealand is imported from overseas, particularly from Britain and the United States. Because of this and New Zealand's small population, most New Zealand artists, performers and writers struggle to make a living from their art.
Heritage New Zealand and the Ministry for Culture and Heritage are national bodies that assist with heritage preservation.
Culture of New Zealand - Wikipedia
Most towns and cities have museums and often art galleries, and the national museum and art gallery is Te Papa 'Our Place' , in Wellington. Both recorded stories and legends and also had religious roles. When Settlers arrived, they brought with them Western artistic traditions. It has undergone a renaissance, with national competitions held yearly and kapa haka used in many state occasions. The haka often mistaken as always being a war dance or ritual challenge has become part of wider New Zealand culture, being performed by the All Blacks as a group ritual before international games and by homesick New Zealanders of all races who want to express their New Zealandness.
New Zealand drama, both on stage and screen, has been plagued during much of its history by cost and lack of popular interest in New Zealand culture. Despite this Roger Hall and, more recently, Jacob Rajan are two playwrights to achieve considerable popular success. In recent decades New Zealand film has grown dramatically, with the films Once Were Warriors , The Piano and Heavenly Creatures doing well both locally and internationally, and The Lord of the Rings trilogy director Peter Jackson becoming one of film's most successful directors.
New Zealand's most popular comedian was the late Billy T. New Zealand music has been influenced by blues , jazz , country , rock and roll and hip hop , with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation. Reggae is also popular within some communities, with bands such as Herbs , Katchafire , , House Of Shem , Unity Pacific all reflecting their roots, perspectives and cultural pride and heritage through their music. New Zealand has a national orchestra and many regional orchestras. A number of New Zealand composers have developed international reputations.
In recent decades New Zealand comics have risen in popularity and recognition. John Clarke aka Fred Dagg joked about rural life.
From the s onwards the Naked Samoans expressed a Polynesian sense of humour to the nation, and Raybon Kan is a prominent Asian comic and columnist. New Zealand's most successful early writers were expatriates such as Katherine Mansfield.
From the s, Frank Sargeson , Janet Frame and others had non lucrative writing careers while still living in New Zealand. Until about the s, the main New Zealand literary form was the short story, but in recent decades novels such as Alan Duff's Once Were Warriors , Elizabeth Knox 's The Vintner's Luck and others have achieved critical and popular success.
Barry Crump was a popular author who embodied and expounded the myth of the Kiwi larrikin and multi-skilled labourer. Sam Hunt and Gary McCormick are well-known poets. James K Baxter was an eccentric but admired author. Maurice Gee is also a household name for his novels about New Zealand life. Gordon Minhinnick and Les Gibbard were also witty political observers. Murray Ball drew a widely popular syndicated daily strip Footrot Flats , about farm life. The sports that most New Zealanders participate in are rugby union , cricket , basketball , netball , association football the most popular sport amongst children , rugby league and hockey.
The country is known for its extreme sports , adventure tourism and strong mountaineering tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary. The national rugby union team is called the All Blacks and has the best winning record of any national team in the world, [51] including being the inaugural winners of the World Cup in The style of name has been followed in naming the national team in several other sports.
For instance, the nation's basketball team is known as the Tall Blacks. Horseracing was also a popular spectator sport and became part of the "rugby, racing and beer" culture during the s. Many New Zealanders either play or support their local rugby team and the All Blacks are national icons. Some of the earliest European settlers in New Zealand were Christian missionaries , mostly from the Church of England but also from Protestant denominations and the Catholic Church.
These included Pai Marire , Ringatu , and in the early twentieth century, Ratana. They typically centred on a prophet-leader. These churches continue to attract a substantial following; according to the census, 50, people are Ratana believers, and another 16, are Ringatu. In the s there was still a reasonably high level of sectarianism and anti-Catholic prejudice, but this has since died down and the major churches generally co-operate with each other.
As of [update] , the number of Hindus numbered 88,, Muslims 46, and Sikhs 19, The number and proportion of people indicating they had no religion increased between and Until about the s it was often claimed that New Zealand was a ' classless society '. New Zealanders' egalitarianism has been criticised as discouraging and denigrating ambition and individual achievement and success. New Zealanders tend to value modesty and distrust those who talk about their own merits. They especially dislike anyone who seems to consider themselves better than others even if the person in question is demonstrably more talented or successful than others.
This attitude can manifest itself in the tall poppy syndrome , which describes the 'cutting down' of anyone thought to have risen above the general mass of people. New Zealand's claims to be a classless society were dealt a fatal blow in the s and s by the economic reforms of the fourth Labour government and its successor, the fourth National government. A cultural shift also took place due to the economic and social impact of international capital, commerce and advertising.
New Zealanders were exposed to a previously unknown array of consumer goods and franchises. Aided by overseas programming, commercial radio and TV stations enjoyed rapid growth. Local manufacturing suffered from cheap imports, with many jobs lost. These reforms led to a dramatic increase in the gap between the richest and poorest New Zealanders, and an increase in the numbers living in poverty. It is very common for New Zealanders to travel or live overseas for extended periods of time, often on working holidays.
These are usually referred to as the 'OE' or 'overseas experience', and are most commonly taken by people in their 20s.
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The three most common destinations are Australia, Great Britain and Europe, although recently trips to Asian countries such as South Korea and Japan to teach English have become increasingly popular. The east coast of Australia and London both have sizeable expatriate New Zealand communities.
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The OE to Europe is usually self-funded, and tends to occur a few years after university graduation, when the traveller has saved up enough for airfares and living expenses. The length of the visit can range from a few months to the remainder of the visitor's life; since many New Zealanders have British ancestry or dual citizenship sometimes as a result of their parents' OE , the restrictions on working in Britain do not apply to a substantial percentage of them.
Working holidays in Asia are more likely to occur shortly after graduation, and many agencies specifically target graduates for these trips. Since the signing of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement in , New Zealanders have had the right to live and work in Australia on equal terms with Australian citizens. Until the s New Zealanders had similar rights in relation to Britain. Perspectives from Latino college students.
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