Jacinth (Lead Sheet)

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The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it. The book tells how the Israelites leave slavery in Egypt through the strength of Yahweh, led by their prophet Moses they journey through the wilderness to Mount Sinai, where Yahweh promises them the land of Canaan in return for their faithfulness. There is no agreement among scholars on the structure of Exodus.

One strong possibility is that it is a diptych, with the division between parts 1 and 2 at the crossing of the Red Sea or at the beginning of the theophany in chapter On this plan, the first part tells of Gods rescue of his people from Egypt and their journey under his care to Sinai, jacobs sons and their families join their brother, Joseph, in Egypt. Once there, the Israelites begin to grow in number, several generations later, Egypts Pharaoh, fearful that the Israelites could be a fifth column, orders that all newborn boys be thrown into the Nile.

A Levite woman saves her baby by setting him adrift on the river Nile in an ark of bulrushes, the Pharaohs daughter finds the child, names him Moses, and brings him up as her own. But Moses is aware of his origins, and one day, there he marries Zipporah, the daughter of Midianite priest Jethro, and encounters God in a burning bush.

Moses returns to Egypt and fails to convince the Pharaoh to release the Israelites, God smites the Egyptians with 10 terrible plagues including a river of blood, many frogs, and the death of first-born sons. Moses leads the Israelites out of bondage after a chase when the Pharaoh reneges on his coerced consent. The desert proves arduous, and the Israelites complain and long for Egypt, the Israelites arrive at the mountain of God, where Moses father-in-law Jethro visits Moses, at his suggestion Moses appoints judges over Israel.

God asks whether they agree to be his people. Moses is told to ascend the mountain, God pronounces the Ten Commandments in the hearing of all Israel. Moses goes up the mountain into the presence of God, who pronounces the Covenant Code, Moses comes down the mountain and writes down Gods words and the people agree to keep them. God calls Moses up the mountain where he remains for 40 days and 40 nights, at the conclusion of the 40 days and 40 nights, Moses returns holding the set of stone tablets.

Aaron is appointed as the first hereditary high priest, God gives Moses the two tablets of stone containing the words of the ten commandments, written with the finger of God. While Moses is with God, Aaron makes a golden calf, God informs Moses of their apostasy and threatens to kill them all, but relents when Moses pleads for them.

Book of Revelation — Its title is derived from the first word of the text, written in Koine Greek, apokalypsis, meaning unveiling or revelation. The Book of Revelation is the apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon. The author names himself in the text as John, but his identity remains a point of academic debate. Modern scholarship generally takes a different view, and many consider that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet, Some modern scholars characterise Revelations author as a putative figure whom they call John of Patmos.

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The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the emperor Domitian, the book spans three literary genres, the epistolary, the apocalyptic, and the prophetic. It begins with John, on the island of Patmos in the Aegean and he then describes a series of prophetic visions, including figures such as the Whore of Babylon and the Beast, culminating in the Second Coming of Jesus. All that is known is that this John was a Jewish Christian prophet, probably belonging to a group of such prophets and his precise identity remains unknown, and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos.

Revelation is an apocalyptic prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia, Apocalypse means the revealing of divine mysteries, John is to write down what is revealed and send it to the seven churches. The entire book constitutes the letter—the letters to the seven churches are introductions to the rest of the book. While the dominant genre is apocalyptic, the author himself as a Christian prophet, Revelation uses the word in various forms twenty-one times.

The predominant view is that Revelation alludes to the Old Testament although it is difficult among scholars to agree on the number of allusions or the allusions themselves. Revelation rarely quotes directly from the Old Testament, almost every verse alludes to or echoes older scriptures. Over half of the stem from Daniel, Ezekiel, Psalms.

He very frequently combines multiple references, and again the style makes it impossible to be certain to what extent he did so consciously. Revelation was the last book accepted into the Christian biblical canon and it was considered tainted because the heretical sect of the Montanists relied on it and doubts were raised over its Jewishness and authorship.

Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, disciple of Origen wrote that the Book of Revelation could have been written by Cerinthus although he himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer and he regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, according to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian and African languages. Burton defied many aspects of the pervasive British ethnocentrism of his day and his works and letters extensively criticized colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career.

A characteristic feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations, Burton was a captain in the army of the East India Company, serving in India. He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded a knighthood in Burton was born in Torquay, Devon, at 21,30 on 19 March , in his autobiography and he was baptized on 2 September at Elstree Church in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire.

Burton had two siblings, Maria Katherine Elizabeth Burton and Edward Joseph Netterville Burton, born in and , Burtons family travelled considerably during his childhood. In , they moved to Tours, France, Burtons early education was provided by various tutors employed by his parents. He first began an education in at a preparatory school on Richmond Green in Richmond, Surrey. Over the next few years, his family travelled between England, France, and Italy, Burton showed an early gift for languages and quickly learned French, Italian, Neapolitan, and Latin, as well as several dialects.

During his youth, he was rumored to have carried on an affair with a young Roma woman, even learning the rudiments of her language, the peregrinations of his youth may have encouraged Burton to regard himself as an outsider for much of his life. As he put it, Do what thy manhood bids thee do, from none, Burton matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 19 November Before getting a room at the college, he lived for a time in the house of Dr.

Here, he met John Henry Newman, whose churchwarden was Dr. Greenhill, despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he is said to have challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burtons moustache, Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying Arabic, he also spent his time learning falconry and fencing.

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In April , he attended a steeplechase in deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently dared to tell the college authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English-language edition, the work was collected over many centuries by various authors, translators, and scholars across West, Central, and South Asia and North Africa.

The tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Jewish, the stories proceed from this original tale, some are framed within other tales, while others begin and end of their own accord. Some editions contain only a few hundred nights, while others include 1, or more, the bulk of the text is in prose, although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion. Eventually the vizier, whose duty it is to provide them, Scheherazade, the viziers daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees.

On the night of their marriage, Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale, the king, curious about how the story ends, is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion. The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins a new one, so it goes on for 1, nights. The tales vary widely, they include historical tales, love stories, tragedies, comedies, poems, burlesques, numerous stories depict jinns, ghouls, apes, sorcerers, magicians, and legendary places, which are often intermingled with real people and geography, not always rationally. The different versions have different individually detailed endings but they all end with the giving his wife a pardon.

The narrators standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern literature, the history of the Nights is extremely complex and modern scholars have made many attempts to untangle the story of how the collection as it currently exists came about. Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia.


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At some time, probably in the early 8th century, these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla and this collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights. The original core of stories was quite small, then, in Iraq in the 9th or 10th century, this original core had Arab stories added to it — among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.

Devices found in Sanskrit literature such as stories and animal fables are seen by some scholars as lying at the root of the conception of the Nights. Indian folklore is represented in the Nights by certain animal stories, the influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable. The Jataka Tales are a collection of Buddhist stories, which are for the most part moral stories with an ethical purpose. During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success and he is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.

Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England and he was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry. George Clayton Tennyson raised a family and was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music. He was comfortably well off for a clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe. James Church, Louth and rector of Withcall, Tennysons father carefully attended to the education and training of his children.

Tennyson and two of his brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in , where he joined a society called the Cambridge Apostles. His first publication was a collection of his rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles entitled Poems by Two Brothers. In , Tennyson was awarded the Chancellors Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, reportedly, it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellors gold medal.

He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in , claribel and Mariana, which later took their place among Tennysons most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day. In the spring of , Tennysons father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree and he returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family.

Excalibur — Excalibur or Caliburn is the legendary sword of King Arthur, sometimes attributed with magical powers or associated with the rightful sovereignty of Great Britain. Sometimes Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone are said to be the same weapon, the sword was associated with the Arthurian legend very early. In Welsh, the sword is called Caledfwlch, in Cornish, the sword is called Calesvol, in Breton, Kaledvoulch, the name Excalibur ultimately comes from the Welsh Caledfwlch which is a compound of caled hard and bwlch breach, cleft.

Caledfwlch appears in several early Welsh works, including the poem Preiddeu Annwfn and the prose tale Culhwch and Olwen, the name was later used in Welsh adaptations of foreign material such as the Bruts, which were based on Geoffrey of Monmouth. They suggest instead that both names may have arisen at a very early date as generic names for a sword. Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his Historia Regum Britanniae, Latinised the name of Arthurs sword as Caliburnus, most Celticists consider Geoffreys Caliburnus to be derivative of a lost Old Welsh text in which bwlch had not yet been lenited to fwlch.

In Waces Roman de Brut, an Old French translation and versification of Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae, the sword is called Calabrum, Callibourc, Chalabrun and it is from this fanciful etymological musing that Thomas Malory got the notion that Excalibur meant cut steel. In Arthurian romance, a number of explanations are given for Arthurs possession of Excalibur, in Robert de Borons Merlin, Arthur obtained the British throne by pulling a sword from a stone.

In this account, the act could not be performed except by the king, meaning the divinely appointed king or true heir of Uther Pendragon. This sword is thought by many to be the famous Excalibur and this version also appears in the Arthurian novel The Sword in the Stone by British author T. White, and the Disney adaptation. The challenge of drawing a sword from a stone also appears in the Arthurian legends of Galahad, however, in what is called the Post-Vulgate Cycle, Excalibur was given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake sometime after he began to reign.

She calls the sword Excalibur, that is as to say as Cut-steel, in the Vulgate Mort Artu, Arthur orders Griflet to throw the sword into the enchanted lake. Malory records both versions of the legend in his Le Morte dArthur, naming both swords as Excalibur, in Welsh legend, Arthurs sword is known as Caledfwlch. Caladbolg was also known for its power and was carried by some of Irelands greatest heroes. The name, which can also mean hard cleft in Irish, appears in the plural, caladbuilc, as a term for great swords in Togail Troi.

Idylls of the King — The whole work recounts Arthurs attempt and failure to lift up mankind and create a perfect kingdom, from his coming to power to his death at the hands of the traitor Mordred. Individual poems detail the deeds of knights, including Lancelot, Geraint, Galahad, and Balin and Balan, and also Merlin. There is little transition between Idylls, but the figure of Arthur links all the stories. The poems were dedicated to the late Albert, Prince Consort, the Idylls are written in blank verse. Tennysons descriptions of nature are derived from observations of his own surroundings, the dramatic narratives are not an epic either in structure or tone, but derive elegiac sadness in the style of the idylls of Theocritus.

Idylls of the King is often read as an allegory of the conflicts in Britain during the mid-Victorian era. In Malory she is sentenced to be burnt at the stake but is rescued by Lancelot, in the Idylls Guinevere flees to a convent, is forgiven by Arthur, repents, Tennyson amended the traditional spellings of several names to fit the metre. The Last Tournament was published in Contemporary Review in , Gareth and Lynette was published the following year. The final idyll, Balin and Balan, was published in Tiresias, the Dedication was published in , a year after the Prince Consort had died, the epilogue, To the Queen, was published in The first of the Idylls covers the period following Arthurs coronation, his accession, the besieged Leodogran, King of Cameliard, appeals to Arthur for help against the beasts and heathen hordes.

Arthur vanquishes these and then the Barons who challenge his legitimacy, afterwards he requests the hand of Leodograns daughter, Guinevere, whom he loves. Leodogran, grateful but also doubtful of Arthurs lineage, questions his chamberlain, Arthurs emissaries and he is persuaded at last by a dream of Arthur crowned in heaven. Lancelot is sent to bring Guinevere, and she and Arthur wed in May. Tennysons use of the phrase in both the first and last Idyll, and throughout the work, is indicative of the change in Britains, and Arthurs, fortunes.

At this point, the indicates the passing of Rome. Diamond — Diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions. Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the covalent bonding between its atoms. In particular, diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material and those properties determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond knives and diamond anvil cells.

Because of its extremely rigid lattice, it can be contaminated by very few types of impurities, such as boron, small amounts of defects or impurities color diamond blue, yellow, brown, green, purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion, most natural diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of to kilometers in the Earths mantle.

Carbon-containing minerals provide the source, and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3. Diamonds are brought close to the Earths surface through deep volcanic eruptions by magma, Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a HPHT method which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earths mantle.

Jacinth (Lead Sheet) Sheet Music by John Griggs

An alternative, and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition, several non-diamond materials, which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants, resemble diamond in appearance and many properties. Special gemological techniques have developed to distinguish natural diamonds, synthetic diamonds. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3, years, Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in ancient India.

Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early human history, later in , the English chemist Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, the most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment, a use which dates back into antiquity, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials.

The dispersion of light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds, four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds, these are carat, cut, color, and clarity. A large, flawless diamond is known as a paragon and these conditions are met in two places on Earth, in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates, and at the site of a meteorite strike.

The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure. Topaz — Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO Topaz crystallizes in the system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal.

Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, Imperial topaz is yellow, pink or pink-orange. Brazilian Imperial Topaz can often have a yellow to deep golden brown hue. Many brown or pale topazes are treated to make them bright yellow, gold, some imperial topaz stones can fade on exposure to sunlight for an extended period of time.

Blue topaz is the gemstone of the US state of Texas. Naturally occurring blue topaz is quite rare, typically, colorless, gray or pale yellow and blue material is heat treated and irradiated to produce a more desired darker blue. Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated giving it the desired rainbow effect, Topaz is commonly associated with silicic igneous rocks of the granite and rhyolite type. It typically crystallizes in granitic pegmatites or in cavities in rhyolite lava flows including those at Topaz Mountain in western Utah.

Brazil is one of the largest producers of topaz, some clear topaz crystals from Brazilian pegmatites can reach boulder size, crystals of this size may be seen in museum collections. Large, vivid blue topaz specimens from the St. Anns mine in Zimbabwe were found in the late s, colorless and light-blue varieties of topaz are found in Precambrian granite in Mason County, Texas within the Llano Uplift. There is no mining of topaz in that area.

Pliny said that Topazos is an island in the Red Sea. In the Middle Ages, the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, many modern English translations of the Bible, including the King James Version mention topaz. The masoretic text has pitdah as the gem the stone is made from, more likely, pitdah is derived from Sanskrit words, meaning yellow burn or, metaphorically, fiery. Tolkien — He was at one time a close friend of C. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March , after Tolkiens death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his fathers extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion.

Between and , Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the part of these writings. While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien and this has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the father of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy.

In , The Times ranked him sixth on a list of The 50 greatest British writers since , forbes ranked him the 5th top-earning dead celebrity in Tolkiens paternal ancestors were middle-class craftsmen who made and sold clocks, watches and pianos in London, the Tolkien family had emigrated from Germany in the 18th century but had become quickly intensely English.

According to the tradition, the Tolkiens had arrived in England in Several families with the surname Tolkien or similar spelling live in northwestern Germany, mainly in Lower Saxony, however, this origin of the name has not been proven. A German writer has suggested that the name is likely to derive from the village of Tolkynen near Rastenburg. Although that village is far from Lower Saxony, its name is derived from the now-extinct Old Prussian language.

Tolkien had one sibling, his brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel. In another incident, a family servant, who thought Tolkien a beautiful child, took the baby to his kraal to show him off. When he was three, he went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of rheumatic fever before he could join them and this left the family without an income, so Tolkiens mother took him to live with her parents in Kings Heath, Birmingham. Soon after, in , they moved to Sarehole, then a Worcestershire village, Mabel Tolkien taught her two children at home.

Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil and she taught him a great deal of botany and awakened in him the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees, but his lessons were those concerning languages. After writing in different forms throughout the s, he one of Londons most popular playwrights in the early s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment, Wildes parents were successful Anglo-Irish, Dublin intellectuals.

Their son became fluent in French and German early in life, at university, Wilde read Greats, he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the philosophy of aestheticism. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles, known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day.

The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with social themes. He wrote Salome in French in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to the prohibition of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early s, at the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest, was still being performed in London, Wilde had the Marquess of Queensberry prosecuted for criminal libel.

The Marquess was the father of Wildes lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, the charge carried a penalty of up to two years in prison. The trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest, after two more trials he was convicted and imprisoned for two years hard labour. Upon his release he left immediately for France, never to return to Ireland or Britain, there he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life.

Wildes mother was of Italian descent, and under the pseudonym Speranza and she read the Young Irelanders poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Lady Wildes interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece, William Wilde was Irelands leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon and was knighted in for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland.

He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore, a renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the citys poor at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road. On his fathers side Wilde was descended from a Dutchman, Colonel de Wilde, on his mothers side Wildes ancestors included a bricklayer from County Durham who emigrated to Ireland sometime in the s.

The magazines editor feared the story was indecent, and without Wildes knowledge, the content, style, and presentation of the preface made it famous in its own right, as a literary and artistic manifesto. The only novel written by Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray exists in several versions, as literature of the 19th century, The Picture of Dorian Gray is an example of Gothic fiction with strong themes interpreted from Faust. Through Basil, Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, and he soon is enthralled by the aristocrats hedonistic worldview, newly understanding that his beauty will fade, Dorian expresses the desire to sell his soul, to ensure that the picture, rather than he, will age and fade.

The wish is granted, and Dorian pursues a life of varied and amoral experiences, while staying young and beautiful, all the while his portrait ages. The plot of the varies between each of the published versions. The summary below deals with the longest version, the novel, however, certain episodes described—in particular Dorians encounter with, and murder of, James Vane—do not appear in the version originally submitted by Wilde to Lippincotts.

While sitting for the painting, Dorian listens to Lord Henry espousing his hedonistic world view and this prompts Dorian to wish that the painted image of himself would age instead of himself. Under the hedonist influence of Lord Henry, Dorian fully explores his sensuality and he discovers the actress Sibyl Vane, who performs Shakespeare plays in a dingy, working-class theatre. Dorian approaches and courts her, and soon proposes marriage, the enamoured Sibyl calls him Prince Charming, and swoons with the happiness of being loved, but her protective brother, James, warns that if Prince Charming harms her, he will murder him.

Dorian invites Basil and Lord Henry to see Sibyl perform in Romeo, Sibyl, too enamoured with Dorian to act, performs poorly, which makes both Basil and Lord Henry think Dorian has fallen in love with Sibyl because of her beauty instead of her acting talent. Embarrassed, Dorian rejects Sibyl, telling her that acting was her beauty, without that, on returning home, Dorian notices that the portrait has changed, his wish has come true, and the man in the portrait bears a subtle sneer of cruelty.

Conscience-stricken and lonely, Dorian decides to reconcile with Sibyl, but he is too late, Dorian then understands that, where his life is headed, lust and good looks shall suffice. Dorian locks the portrait up, and over the eighteen years, he experiments with every vice. One night, before leaving for Paris, Basil goes to Dorians house to ask him about rumours of his self-indulgent sensualism, Dorian does not deny his debauchery, and takes Basil to see the portrait.

The portrait has become so hideous that Basil is only able to identify it as his work by the signature he affixes to all his portraits, Basil is horrified, and beseeches Dorian to pray for salvation. In anger, Dorian blames his fate on Basil, and stabs him to death, Dorian then calmly blackmails an old friend, the scientist Alan Campbell, into using his knowledge of chemistry to destroy the body of Basil Hallward.


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    • Alan later kills himself over the deed, to escape the guilt of his crime, Dorian goes to an opium den, where James Vane is unknowingly present. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir to the following the death of his older brother Alphonso. Beginning in , Edward accompanied his father on campaigns to pacify Scotland, Edward succeeded to the throne in , following his fathers death.

    In , he married Isabella of France, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV, Edward had a close and controversial relationship with Piers Gaveston, who had joined his household in The precise nature of Edward and Gavestons relationship is uncertain, they may have been friends, Gavestons arrogance and power as Edwards favourite provoked discontent both among the barons and the French royal family, and Edward was forced to exile him.

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    On Gavestons return, the barons pressured the King into agreeing to wide-ranging reforms called the Ordinances of , the newly empowered barons banished Gaveston, to which Edward responded by revoking the reforms and recalling his favourite. Led by Edwards cousin, the Earl of Lancaster, a group of the barons seized and executed Gaveston in , English forces were pushed back in Scotland, where Edward was decisively defeated by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in Widespread famine followed, and criticism of the Kings reign mounted, in response, Edward led a short military campaign, capturing and executing Lancaster.

    Edward and the Despensers strengthened their grip on power, revoking the reforms, executing their enemies, unable to make progress in Scotland, Edward finally signed a truce with Robert. Opposition to the regime grew, and when Isabella was sent to France to negotiate a treaty in , she turned against Edward.

    Isabella allied herself with the exiled Roger Mortimer, and invaded England with an army in Edwards regime collapsed and he fled into Wales, where he was captured in November, Edwards relationship with Gaveston inspired Christopher Marlowes play Edward II, along with other plays, films, novels and media. Many of these have focused on the sexual relationship between the two men.

    Debate has continued into the 21st century as to whether Edward was a lazy and incompetent king, or simply a reluctant, Edward II was the fourth son of Edward I and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. His father was the King of England, and had also inherited Gascony in south-western France, which he held as the vassal of the King of France. His mother was from the Castilian royal family, and held the County of Ponthieu in northern France, Edward I proved to be a successful military leader, leading the suppression of the baronial revolts in the s, and joining the Ninth Crusade.

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    During the s he conquered North Wales, removing the native Welsh princes from power and he was considered an extremely successful ruler by his contemporaries, largely able to control the powerful earls that formed the senior ranks of the English nobility. The historian Michael Prestwich describes Edward I as a king to inspire fear and respect, despite his successes, when Edward I died in he left a range of challenges for his son to resolve.

    At a young age he made an impression on King Edward I Longshanks. Edward bestowed the Earldom of Cornwall on Gaveston, and arranged for him to marry his niece Margaret de Clare, Gavestons exclusive access to the King provoked several members of the nobility, and in the King was again forced to send him into exile.

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    During this absence he served as the Kings Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Edward managed to negotiate a deal with the opposition, however, and Gaveston returned the next year. Upon his return his behaviour even more offensive, and by the Ordinances of it was decided that Gaveston should be exiled for a third time. When he did return in , he was hunted down and executed by a group of magnates led by Thomas of Lancaster and Guy de Beauchamp and this assertion has received the support of some modern historians, while others have questioned it.

    According to Pierre Chaplais, the relationship between the two was that of a brotherhood, and Gaveston served as an unofficial deputy for a reluctant king. Gabaston had come into an amount of land in Gascony through his marriage to Claramonde de Marsan. Through the possessions of his wife, Gabaston also became a vassal of the King of England and his service to Edward I of England stretched over a long period of time, starting in the Welsh Wars of —83, in which he participated with a substantial contingent. Sometime before 4 February , Claramonde died, and for the rest of his life Gabaston struggled to retain his wifes inheritance from rival claims by relatives, because of this, he became financially dependent on the English king, and was continuously in his service.

    He was used as a hostage by Edward twice, first in to Aragon, secondly in to the French king, after returning home, he was back in England in , where he served with Edward I in the Scottish Wars. He died at some point before 18 May , little is known of Piers Gavestons early years, even his year of birth is unknown. He and Prince Edward of Caernarfon were said to be contemporaries, though one chronicle claims he accompanied his father to England in , the first reliable reference to him is from Gascony later that year, when he served in the company of Edward I.

    In he sailed to England with his father and his older brother and it was at this time that he became a member of the household of the young Prince Edward — the future Edward II. The King was apparently impressed by Gavestons conduct and martial skills, in , the King awarded Gaveston the wardship of Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, after the death of Rogers father, on the request of Edward, Prince of Wales.

    This put Gaveston in charge of Mortimers possessions during the latters minority, as part of the circle around the prince, however, Gaveston also became entangled in conflicts between the King and his son. These difficulties first materialised in a dispute between treasurer Walter Langton and Prince Edward, the case enraged King Edward to the point where he banned his son from court, and banished several men from the princes household.

    Cornwall — Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of 3, km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and this area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, there is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found.

    In the midth century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline, subsequently, china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the s. Traditionally, fishing and agriculture were the important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century, however, the area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwalls coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history.

    Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly. On 24 April it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The modern English name Cornwall derives from the concatenation of two ancient demonyms from different linguistic traditions, Corn- records the native Brythonic tribe, the Cornovii. The Celtic word kernou is cognate with the English word horn.

    This is thought to be a rendering of Duro-cornov-ium, meaning fort of the Cornovii. The exact location of Durocornovium is disputed, with Tintagel and Carn Brea suggested as possible sites, in later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales. Would you like to report poor quality or formatting in this book?

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