The Dedicated Server Handbook(tm) - Linux/Webmin (Amazon Kindle Edition)

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The asset remains on the lessor's books as an owned. Key concepts; Accountant; Accounting. Understanding Sales, Leases, and Licenses in a. Theoretical Concepts of Value and. Six-month and one-year licenses are also available. Par brewington shoshana le dimanche, avril 7 , De jaren in Zeedorp: How Disney Devours the World. Babel Libros - No comas renacuajos, de Francisco. El Ambiente Emocional para el. El origen de la quinta columna. Sombra del Aire Facebook Es autor de las reconocidas novelas "La insoportable levedad del ser", "El libro de.

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Wolffe ;s additional accessories include: You would be hard-pressed to find two books with less in common: Hit the jump to see some fantastic alternate mask designs for Snake Eyes, Firefly and Cobra Commander. Getting Ready for Round Two! First, we have to choose the right words — forward. It was a scene those. In the military, we don ;t hire from the outside; if we want a battalion commander , a lieutenant colonel commanding people, we have to bring in a lieutenant 12 years earlier. Bestselling author Tim Cook launches Warlords, a book that tackles the. Commanders request capabilities to execute particular courses of action to meet mission objectives — but capabilities may not be service specific, and they are called upon only episodically.

April 2nd, at 5: Stich-Worte selection , edited by Uwe Johnson. Create a book; Download as PDF. If you don ;t know this book , it ;s a sort of. Taylor ; Max Frisch, Sketchbook — , trans. More editions of Sketchbook The Self Divider has written a better letter, less oblique and more or better obsequious ness: The deliberate attempt to break the fourth wall, to underline that we are an audience watching a play, may remind us of Bertolt Brecht — and in fact Frisch was a friend and admirer of Brecht, and devoted many pages to him in the two volumes drawn from his journals: Sketchbook and Sketchbook The above, capitals and all, is one of the shorter.

A Brief Guide to Travels in the Book trans. Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein quotes Quotations at. No Hassle Approval in 2 Minutes. This book is also distinctive from a stylistic point of. PoeWar An agent is someone who has read your book and believes that the book is marketable. Lapidus skillfully weaves together the narratives of characters from every.

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Ceramics in America Ceramics in America , Hunter, Robert, editor. March 21, 5: March 23, 8: March 23, March 24, March 26, 9: March 26, March 27, 3: March 28, 2: May 1, 2: May 2, 9: May 20, 3: Thanks, and sorry for all the questions. May 20, 4: May 24, May 26, 9: May 27, May 31, 6: July 3, 4: September 12, October 1, 7: October 6, 7: I monitor your site from few months and response time graph is pretty good: October 11, 8: October 19, 1: October 19, 2: November 4, 3: November 17, 3: December 3, 2: December 6, Hi, I think there is an error in your phpinfo screenshot.

December 8, December 14, 8: December 15, 1: December 19, December 19, 4: December 24, 9: December 28, 6: Thanks again for a wonderful tutorial! December 29, 4: I think lighttpd also need some specific optimization for better performance. December 29, 5: December 29, December 29, 3: Apache is not memory efficent. December 30, January 14, January 14, 8: February 1, 6: Thanks for this guide! February 22, 8: February 23, 1: Do you know a light way to monitor all those sites in bandwidth usage with lighttpd?

March 6, 6: March 8, 1: May 15, 5: May 20, May 29, 7: This one leads to his blogging system. May 30, 6: May 30, 9: May 31, 1: June 10, 2: I am also interested in Nginx server and I found the article on how to setup Nginx webserver. It is up and running. June 11, 6: June 18, 5: July 17, July 18, 1: July 18, 5: July 18, July 24, 4: Above Is there much difference between how much RAM each method uses? Sorry to be a pain — Why does this happen? July 24, 5: July 25, 8: July 25, 9: July 25, I m tring to run my 50K hit site on a 24gb ram with 8 quad cores….

August 29, 4: I would like to ask everyone. Just like the LEA in this blog, he is using an email contact leb. Would someone explain it to me please? September 5, 8: September 5, Tom I am already did it, and it works: But that if I am using the Cpanel, It was so easy. September 5, 1: September 5, 2: I will try it. God Bless and More Power! September 14, 7: Otherwise great info ehre, thanks! October 31, December 9, 4: January 24, 3: January 24, 2: January 31, 3: February 5, 2: February 18, 9: February 22, 6: May 6, 3: May 29, 3: June 12, 4: You may be able to use Webmin as a control panel.

Why not post all of that on one of their threads: June 13, 2: June 13, Here is what I get: Has anyone else experienced this? July 18, 6: August 18, August 18, 2: August 18, 3: December 17, 8: March 2, 1: March 3, 8: March 19, August 2, 8: August 20, 8: This worked under Debian 6 bit, with one small problem. I have 7 static subdomain sites set up as a test, and it uses a whopping 20 megs of RAM. Great work with the simple guide! August 18, 7: If you want a flat-file wordpress-type script, check out FlatPress. D You do have to install php though.

August 25, 1: Got the flatpress script lined out. I am running 20 blogs in 64 megs. MEPIS Linux can handle a large variety of networking protocols to make files and directories available to other computers on your network. Many people accustomed to Windows may be confused by the variety of file sharing protocols and not understand why there are so many when Windows simply allows you to "share" files without much rigamarole.

Being open, though, Linux allows you to choose the protocol that best suits your needs. This is the protocol used by Windows machines which they call SMB: Samba is the most complete solution to share files with Windows machines on your network without making changes to the Windows machines. These appear to Microsoft Windows users as normal Windows folders accessible via the network. It also offers some other services for interfacing with Windows networks, such as domain authentication, messaging services, and netbios name resolution.

Finally, it provides an easy method of connecting Linux machines to each other and even to Mac machines. There are two basic aspects to sharing files on your network through Samba: If you are logged into a KDE session as root, go to: To avoid the risks of logging into a session as root: Enter root's password when prompted.

You have tabbed windows for these configuration categories: In addition to going into Samba KDE Control Module to add more directories to share, there is another shortcut you can take to add shares. Right-click and select Properties. Click on the Share tab, then on the button Configure File Sharing. Provide root's password, and then define the users and folders available to Samba. Install Kvpnc from the repositories to easily manage VPN connections in a graphic environment.

Follow these steps to connect with Kvpnc:. Open a terminal, become root, and simply enter:. For details, consult the man pages by entering man: Follow these steps to connect:. Linux has many different ways of interacting with audio hardware. Fortunately, MEPIS chooses the most appropriate audio settings automatically and you do not need to worry about the details.

Click on the "Music" category in the left-hand panel and select a device in the right-hand panel there may be more than one. Click "Test" to verify that each device is working correctly. You can determine the primary soundcard by adjusting its priority with the "Defer" button. You must use an installed player see Section 8.

People wishing to play back video and audio files in proprietary formats will need to install this packages:. This is available through Synaptic after checking the box next to this repository see Section 7. The use of this package is of questionable legality in some countries, so please check your local restrictions before installing it. You can set up your sound driver by installing the package alsa-utils from the Community repos. Then open a terminal, become root, and type:. In order to troubleshoot any problems you will need to know what sound card you have.

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Here is an example of output:. In rare cases, you may have to load a module for your card following the directions linked below. Many of the drivers do not include the snd- prefix; you will need to add that to get the actual module name. Bluetooth is enabled in MEPIS Linux by default through the kernel, and its tools can be accessed most easily from the menu found by right-clicking the Bluetooth icon on the right side of the panel:.

Input devices such as a keyboard or mouse will usually be picked up automatically as soon as you plug the receiver into the computer, and you should be able to just start using the device. File transfer to and from a handheld device is enabled by default by virtue of ObexFTP, a C application and library with many language bindings to access mobile phone and other handheld content.

Host to handheld device: Make sure the Enable box is checked, and decide where you want the files to go e. Navigate to the file you want to send and click Next. On the device screen, make sure the device you want to send to is present, and rescan if necessary. Highlight the device and click Next. On the device, accept the transfer of the file. Check that the host is visible to the handheld. Navigate to the file you want to send, and use the method appropriate for the particular device to send it.

When the transfer notification pops up on the host, click Accept. Not all languages are currently available, but more are being developed. Although MEPIS Linux offers a complete set of graphical tools for installing, configuring, and using your system, the command line also called the console, terminal, BASH, or shell is still a useful and at times indispensible tool. Here are some common uses:. Some commands are only recognized for super user root , while others may vary the output depending on user.

To obtain temporary root permissions:. You will recognize when Konsole is running with root privileges by looking at the prompt line right before the space where you type. For more information on running Konsole for solving system problems, please refer to the topic Troubleshooting at the end of this section. Also, it is advisable to make backups of the files you are working on as a root user with the commands cp and mv see below. Though console commands can be fairly complex, understanding the command line is just a matter of putting together simple things.

To see how easy it can be, open Konsole and try a few basic commands. This will all make more sense if you do it as a tutorial exercise rather than just reading it. Let's start with a simple command: The basic command lists the contents of whatever directory you are currently in:. That's a useful command, but it's just a few short columns of names printed across the screen.

Suppose we want more information on the files in this directory. We can add a switch to the command to make it print out more information. A switch is a modifier we append to a command to change its behavior. In this case, the switch we want is:. As you can see on your own screen if you are following along, this switch provides more detailed information on the files in any directory.

Of course, we might want to see the contents of another directory without going there first. To do this, we add an argument to the command, specifying which file we want to look at. An argument is a value or reference we add to a command to target its operation. It would be nice if we could filter this output so that only entries that contained, say, the word "fire" would be listed. We can do this by piping the output of the ls command into another command, grep. The command grep searches for the pattern you give it and returns all matches, so piping the output of the previous command to it filters the output.

Thanks to grep , we only see the lines of the output that contain the word "fire".


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Finally, suppose we want these results saved in a text file for use at a later time? This command now instructs your computer to make a detailed list of all the files that contain the word "fire" in a particular directory, and to create a text file containing that list, in this case named "FilesOfFire.

As you can see, the command line can be used to perform complex tasks very easily by combining simple commands in different ways.

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Here is a list of rudimentary terminal commands. For a complete reference, see the Links and Guides section. For most new Linux users, the command line is mainly used as a troubleshooting tool. Terminal commands give quick, detailed information that can be easily pasted into a forum post, search box, or email when seeking help on the web. It is strongly recommended that you keep this information at hand when asking for help. Being able to refer to your specific hardware configuration will not only speed up your process of obtaining help, but also it will let others offer you more accurate solutions.

Here are some common troubleshooting commands. Some of them may not output information, or not as much information unless you are logged in as root. Synaptic is the recommended method for beginners to manage software packages, although other methods are also available and may be required for certain situations. Software is provided in the form of a package: They are stored on servers called repositories , and can be browsed, downloaded, and installed through special client software called a package manager.

The recommended package manager for MEPIS is Synaptic, though the graphical utility Gdebi and the command-line utility apt-get are also included for those who prefer them. The majority of packages have one or more dependencies , meaning that they have one or more packages that must also be installed in order for them to work. The APT system is designed to automatically handle dependencies for you; in other words, when you try to install a package whose dependencies are not already installed, your APT package manager will automatically mark those dependencies for installation as well.

It can happen that these dependencies can not be met, preventing the installation of a package.

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APT repositories repos are much more than just web sites with downloadable software. The packages on repository sites are specially organized and indexed to be accessed through a package manager, rather than browsed directly. If you are new to MEPIS and especially if you are new to Linux , it is recommended that in general you stick with the default repositories at first, with the exception of the multimedia repository that you will need to enable for proprietary-format codecs see Section 8.

For security reasons, these repositories are digitally signed, meaning that packages are authenticated with an encryption key to make sure they are authentic. If you install packages from non-Debian repos without the key, you will get a warning that they could not be authenticated. To get rid of this warning and make sure your installations are secure, you need to install any keys not installed by default; see if the repo contains a keyring package, or check its home page for instructions on adding the key.

Most repositories should have a keyring package which installs the necessary keys search keyring in Synaptic. Here are the most common:. This can be edited as root with any text editor by backing up the existing file, editing the original file, and saving it. The same repository viewed above looks like this in the file:. These packages are distinct from official MEPIS packages, and typically have been "backported" from "forward" Debian versions testing or even experimental.

There are five separate sections: The testing sections should only be enabled to download packages for testing, and immediately disabled afterward. They should not be used on main production machines or mission critical set-ups, as there is by definition a risk that they will break your system. In addition to the general repositories such as Debian, Mepis, and Community, there also exist a certain number of dedicated repositories associated with a single application.

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When you add them to your sources. Opera and Google provide the GPG key with the installation, but you will have to acquire the others in the manner already described. One final category of repository exists for acquiring the most recent build of an application. This is done through Subversion in the regular repos , a version control system that can be used by the end user to stay current with development.

Once installed through the repos, you can use the application for any development line that offers a repository set up for the use of Subversion. Here is an example for the drawing application Inkscape:. That command will check out a copy of the application source code into a directory named trunk on your local machine. Subversion is mostly used by developers working on a project, but sometimes endusers will use it for a particular interest. When upgrading, you will often be informed that a new configuration file is available for a certain package, and be asked whether you want to install the new version or keep your current version.

Here is an example of the dialog you would see when the repository list is being changed by MEPIS--notice that the answer at the end is y , telling Synaptic to go ahead and install the changed file: It is a graphical tool that allows you to install, remove, upgrade, downgrade, or get information on all the software packages available in the online repositories on your repository list.

Note that your root password is required and, naturally, you will need to be connected to the Internet if you want to use the online repositories as opposed to the DVD. Sometimes you may want to downgrade an application to an older version, for instance because of problems that arose with the new one. This is easy to do in Synaptic:. Sometimes you may want to pin an application to a specific version to keep it from being upgraded in order to avoid problems with more recent ones.

This is easy to do:. For a universal pinning method, follow the example linked below. Removing software from your system with Synaptic seems as straightforward as installing, but there is more to it than meets the eye:. Here are some common error messages that may occasionally be encountered in using Synaptic, along with their solutions:. Enable the Community repositories, then install checkaptgpg.

Enter Y and then the root password. Packages could not be authenticated Problem: This is a very slight possibility, but for production machines the extra security is worth the check. If this error occurs when installing packages from the Community Repository it is safely ignored. If it occurs with packages from the Debian or MEPIS repositories, do not continue the installation and report the error. Encountered a section with no Package: Problem with MergeList etc.

Files have been corrupted for some reason. There are two main variants of this problem. Dynamic MMap ran out of room. Please increase the size of APT:: Cache-Limit is too small to handle new package cache Solution: Change line from APT:: The following signatures were invalid: The GPG signature of the repo has expired Solution: Warren has to be notified.

You can manually install downloaded deb packages using the graphical tool Gdebi or the command-line tool dpkg. In a shell command, the asterisk is a wild card in the argument. Sooner or later some software that you want to install will not be available in the repositories and you may need to use other installation methods. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but to focus on those that are installed with MEPIS, to provide common alternatives, and to point to resources for configuration and use.

In topic areas where installed applications are minimal or absent, a representative sample of available applications has been presented. The Debian packagers also provide a rebranded variant of Firefox named IceWeasel, which is updated frequently. If coming from Windows, be sure to consult Section 3. Coming from Windows about migrating data.

In addition to the stable Firefox package linked off the home page, there are also two other "channels;" the Aurora experimental and Beta testing. Its icon can be found on the left side of the panel. Thunderbird is another popular choice, using the package from the Mozilla site check the Wiki for directions ; or use Debian's rebranded Icedove, installable through the repos. In addition, you can install Skype from the repos or use a web-based client such as Meebo in Firefox.

The latest version of Skype for Linux includes good video support, though suitable webcam drivers are required before this feature will work. Ekiga and aMSN are available for download from the standard repositories; Ekiga in particular seems to have very good hardware recognition, including audio. See also Skype above. There is also the dedicated Pan Newsreader with a large feature set that can be installed through Synaptic.

Once you have downloaded a. Bluetooth provides a means to connect and exchange information between personal devices such as mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, etc. Many basic tools see Section 5. Various applications can use Bluetooth to pass objects files, pictures, vCal entries, vCards, etc.

OBEX Client kbtobexclient is installed by default, and easily used from the host computer or the device:. Check the legality in your jurisdiction before doing this; see Section 5. There are various ways to rip music, of which the easiest is to use K3B directly. On the left hand side there will be a list of the drives available. Simply click on the Audio CD and wait until the files are listed. Highlight the ones you want to rip, right-click, and select Start Ripping. MEPIS Linux doesn't come with any video ripping software by default, but there are plenty of choices available for download. Rip are all you need to rip non-copyrighted DVDs to your hard disk.

None of these programs will operate on DVDs that have encryption. You will need a package called libdvdcss2 to work with encrypted media, see Section 5. Video editing can be very hard disk intensive and is best done with a reasonably powerful machine with lots of storage space. It is an intuitive and powerful multi-track video editor, including most recent video technologies. To achieve a higher level of operability with video editing, install the following additional packages:. Dolphin has a built in previewer for images with adjustable thumbnail sizes.

Select both the Icon and Preview buttons in the toolbar. It can be used as an image browser, for slide shows, to edit metadata, and for basic image manipulation. Digikam is installed by default: It is a photo management tool similar to Google's Picasa that comes with a stand-alone photo viewer.

To get the most out of Digikam and its plugins, install the following packages:. Check whether the Community repo has a more recent version. It is similar in function to Adobe Photoshop. Watching television on a PC requires a good recent hardware configuration with sufficient processor speed and memory, software to process the signal for display and an adapter card that works with Linux.

LibreOffice supports for the. The utility KCharSelect allows you to find unusual characters foreign letters, symbols, etc. LibreOffice can produce simple documents for publication, but for people who want more power and flexibility, more capable programs are available. Scribus is designed for flexible layout and typesetting, and for professional quality equipment, and a detailed published manual is available. Internet FAX price comparison: For other PDF operations such as copying text or images, merging, etc.

It links your contacts with your email, calendar, newsreader, journal and notes all in a single window. The organizer KOrganizer is the calendar and scheduling component of Kontact. It is available from the repos. The application fully integrates its components, facilitating many everyday operations with its features. If not available in Synaptic, they would have to be installed through other methods of software installation see Section 7. Installing programs by other methods. Open-source programs for managing personal finances are available that can import standard formats such as QIF.

DigiKam is an excellent management tool for photos, allowing tagging, comments, and a variety of ways of organizing your collection. A detailed handbook is available off the Help menu. Another useful utility is QuickList , available from the repos. It includes a professional genealogy program and a Wiki. Guarddog and Firestarter can protect your system from external hackers while not being intrusive during normal use. Their interfaces are clear and offer many options, but most users will almost never have to open the applications or make changes.

The most common need to open your firewall application comes when the user is required to permit a protocol through the firewall, for instance when installing a network printer. Check the software's handbook for details on when and how to do this. MEPIS Linux does not currently require antivirus software because no viruses able to attack and damage a Linux system are in circulation.

The purpose of installing an antivirus would be to assist with stopping Linux users from unknowingly passing virus-infected emails and other documents to Windows users, as well as to provide an open-source tool for protection in a dual-boot setup with Windows. The program is inactive until it is opened by a user with root privileges. Rootkits are intended to hide software action from the operating system, and can be used malevolently. Here are two of the most common anti-rootkit applications, available through Synaptic:. This utility is also integrated with Dolphin, so that a file or folder may be encrypted by right-clicking it and selecting the desired feature under Actions.

User privacy is enabled system-wide by default in MEPIS Linux, so that items such as recent documents, web browsing history, etc. Web content filtering in Linux can be executed using a program such as Dansguardian , available through Synaptic. Here are two of the most commonly used, available from the repos. There is also a command-line program available from the repos called Midnight Commander that uses the entire terminal screen. Each has its advantages, depending on your preferences and the task you need to accomplish. There is also a handy toolbox that sits in the System Tray called hplip-gui available through the repos.

A number of powerful means of finding files or folders, both graphical and command-line, are available for MEPIS Linux. For configuration you will probably need to discover exactly what hardware is connected to your system. Use one of the following methods. One good place to get information about your hardware is Kinfocenter. You can get more detailed information using a command-line program that comes pre-installed with MEPIS.

There is also a very creative screensaver known as Xscreensaver , available through the repo. If you install the latter, you can install kscreensaver-xsavers to integrate it with System Settings administration location. When a program refuses to end, you can kill it in a number of ways. Here are two of the most common:. Killing a runaway program: A symbolic link also soft link or symlink is a special kind of file that points to another file, much like a shortcut in Windows or an alias in Macintosh.

A symbolic link does not contain any actual data as a hard link does , it just points to another file somewhere in the system. This section covers the good basic practices that MEPIS Linux users should follow to keep their system efficient and secure. The most important practice is to back up your data and configuration files regularly, a process that is easy in MEPIS Linux. It is highly recommended that you back up to a different drive than the one your data is on! You can buy a new storage device, or use an old hard drive if you can find one. Make sure you back up your data, including documents, graphics, music, and mail.

By default, most of this is stored in your Home directory. If in the future you need to reinstall, you'll just have to paste the names of the files into an apt-get install command. You can create an inventory of all packages on your system installed since installation with:. LuckyBackup is a graphical front end for a program known as rsync that functions as a backup system for KDE. It is installed by default. Directions on use in the Manual listed below.

As a precaution in case of complete hard disk failure, some users create a complete image of their harddrive, a technique called disk cloning or ghosting. In case a new harddrive must be installed, the user can simply restore the entire image to be back in operation in a few minutes. Depending on the software used, you may have to carry this out from a separate drive or a LiveDVD. Cloning can also be used to make an identical working copy of your hard disk or partition to a second disk or partition with an equal or larger size than the original by using the command line tool dd.

Unlike the cloning tools listed above, dd copies the hard disk or partition on a sector by sector basis, so everything is copied, including unused sectors. That being the case, it can take some time for larger drives. It's a good idea to remove services that start at boot time and you don't need both to improve security and to limit resources utilization. To stop a program, for example called UnneededProgram from starting, execute this command as root:.

It is rare that you will need to do much disk maintenance compared to Windows, since Linux operating systems and the disk filesystems they utilize are designed differently. These are some time-tested rules of thumb for new users of MEPIS Linux to avoid getting into trouble when upgrading their software:. See also Section 9. There are no Adventure Games installed by default. Here are a couple of popular ones you can install via Synaptic to get you started.

There are other excellent board games available from the repos for you to try. While there is no kids stuff provided with the default MEPIS Linux installation besides a few games, there is a great deal available through Synaptic or from online resources. You can also search the repos for junior- to find packages associated with the DebianJr project see Links and Guides.

The following suggestions will give you a sense of what is available. Note that E-mail clients using IMAP generally leave messages on the server until the user explicitly deletes them, so that option may not be visible. Now if you install KOrganizer, all your Gcal data will be available. Click on any section that interests you for details. Click on any of the following items for details:. Although only rudimentary development software is provided in the default install, a wealth of tools is readily available from the repositories; many of these are the same tools used to create MEPIS Linux!

To see what is available, open Synaptic, click on the Sections button in the lower left panel, then on Development. Comparison of text editors: Install it from the repositories with the kdevelop package. The Java 5 runtime environment and development kit are also available, and the GNU gcj Java compiler. Newer versions for Linux are available from Sun's website. You can launch the interactive interpreter by typing python at the console. A mono IDE monodevelop is also available.

MEPIS Linux does not come with default applications already installed for designing web pages, but several are available from the repositories:. For those looking to do web development as opposed to web design , the repositories boast a wide array of web frameworks, services, API's and tools.

Here are two of the more commonly used:. There is a certain number of applications, both open-source and commercial, that will allow Windows applications to run under MEPIS Linux. They are referred to as emulators, meaning that they replicate the functions of Windows on a Linux platform. Many MS Office applications, games and other programs can be run using an emulator with varying degrees of success ranging from near-native speed and functionality to only basic performance. CrossOver Office allows you to install many popular Windows productivity applications, plugins and games in Linux, without needing a Microsoft Operating System license.

Popular games such as Elder Scrolls IV: Virtual machine applications are a class of programs that simulate a "virtual computer" in memory, allowing you to install any operating system on the machine. It is useful for testing, running non-native applications, and providing users the feeling of having a machine of their own.


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    • It is also used for testing to avoid installation. A number of virtual machine software applications for Linux exist, both open-source and proprietary. Excellent documentation is available through Help on the menu bar or as a PDF from the website. A window manager in Linux is essentially the component which controls the appearance of windows and provides the means by which the user can interact with them.

    KDE is a very powerful desktop environment, but others are available from the repos. In cases like that, you may need to know how to mount partitions other than your root partition. But what exactly is a partition? Here is a good, basic definition from the Linux Documentation Project:. Partitioning is a means to divide a single hard drive into many logical drives. A partition is a contiguous set of blocks on a drive that are treated as an independent disk. A partition table is an index that relates sections of the hard drive and attached devices to partitions.

    But other partitions can be mounted to the root filesystem and so be made available to the system and its users. In general, a partition can be mounted dynamically whenever it becomes physically connected, mounted manually when you need access to it, or mounted automatically upon boot. The udev device manager listens for devices being added or removed from the system, such as a USB drive, and makes them available to the system. Usually, fstab is the only one that users might need to modify.

    Dynamic mounting occurs when a device is plugged into the system. Most of the time, it will allow you to have access to the device's partition without any action on your part, usually through a window opened up by KDE. The system provides a set of rules that match the properties of the discovered device. A matching rule will possibly name and create a device node and run configured programs to set-up and configure the device.

    Rules can also request information from external programs to name a device or specify a custom name that will always be the same, regardless of the order devices are discovered by the system. Rarely, however, no matching occurs and the device is not made available to the system by KDE. This may be due to a hardware problem or a udev problem. It is easy to find out whether the device has been recognized by the system. First plug it in, then open a terminal and type:. If the hardware has been recognized, you should see its name and address in the output.

    That means that the problem lies at the next step, and you may have to modify udev not recommended for newbies. Search first on your device ID number e. For guidance on writing udev rules, consult the how-to below. If you need access only on an occasional basis to a partition that is not on a device dynamically mounted, such as a partition on your HDD with another OS, you can mount it manually. The file manager Dolphin makes it very easy to mount any partitions by dragging them to the Places panel on the left side, then simply clicking on them, as already described in Section 3.

    It has a variety of uses:. Simply click on the device that interests you to view the contents, and you will something like this note KwikDisk icon at lower left corner:.

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    Before we get into the details, let's go over the basic structure of every line in that file:. They may be manually mounted, per Section 9.

    Each of the six elements of this entry contains information that must be presented in a specific order, as we can show with this table where the same entry is divided out into the standard categories:. As with most Linux configuration files, editing this configuration file see Section Now fstab will be parsed and all filesystems that are set to mount at boot will be immediately mounted if they are not already.

    To make it more convenient, you can mount it to another location. Although Windows NTFS partitions as used in Windows and later usually present little problem, there is sometimes difficulty with the necessary system permissions to write or delete files on a Windows FAT partition as in Windows If this seems to be the case on your computer, you'll need to insert a step after Step 4 above:. Set the following additional mount options for a Windows FAT partition. Note that MEPIS should already have identified it as a vfat partition in the third column, so all your changes need only be in the fourth column bolded below:.

    A script is a simple text file that can be written directly from a keyboard, and consists of a logically sequenced series of operating system commands. The commands are handled one at a time by a command interpreter which in turn requests services from the operating system.

    The commands must be understandable to Bash, and command lists have been established for programming use. A shell script is the Linux counterpart of batch programs in the Windows world. Scripts are used throughout the Linux OS and applications that run on it as an economical method of executing multiple commands in an easily created and modified manner.

    During boot, for instance, many scripts are invoked to start up specific processes such as printing, networking, etc. Scripts are also used for automated processes, system administration, application extensions, user controls, etc. Finally, users of all kinds can employ scripts for their own purposes.