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A turning point in burial culture — from burials in coffins to cremations Eilat Maoz , feminist and activist against the occupation, General Coordinator of the Coalition of Women for Peace, supports the Palestinian call for boycott, divestment and sanctions on Israel, expert in baking cakes for people with culinary disabilities Blackmarket for Useful Knowledge and Non-Knowledge Jaffa, Sept. We want your soul!
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The Way to School as Transit: Lesbian Subculture in den U. Ann Bannon's Pulp Novels Dr. On Silence and Talking: Poland-Germany, Corinna Milborn , scholar of political science, author, journalist, political editor of news magazine "Format"; fields of interest: Art in Love with Law: The New America in Warthebruch, or: Choose a Card and See!
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Whoever is a Part of it is Guilty. An African Language, b] Dendi: An African Language Dr. From an Outline of the Gaze to the Movement of Thought: Retelling the Best Unknown Novel on Poland: Reality and Fiction On the Scene of Intimacy. Broken down and Vanquished: Marcel Mauss and the Gift - Reciprocity in History 2.
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Sinologists in the late 19th century and early 20th century were excellent readers of LS Classical Chinese , but they of course did not speak it, and only rarely would they write anything in it. Unless they had a missionary background, they seldom learned any of the vernaculars, and when they did, it was usually one of the topolects spoken where they or their parents were posted e. Thus the early Sinologists usually learned only LS, but not the vernaculars. If they learned another relevant language besides LS, it was generally de rigueur for them to learn Manchu.
Later on, after the American occupation of Japan, most serious Sinologists learned Japanese, and many of them learned it fairly well. A few of the younger generation started to go to Taiwan in the 60s, and that group did begin to learn Mandarin, but the level of Sinological research was considered to be higher in Japan, so many Sinologists, such as Robert Harwell, continued to go to Japan.
It was only in the 80s and in a bigger way in the 90s, after Richard Nixon and Deng Xiaoping opened up the PRC, that sizable numbers of Chinese Studies scholars and students started to go to China and learn Mandarin. The generation of my teachers, men like James Robert Hightower, had a wonderful grasp of LS, but they didn't speak Mandarin, or, if they did speak it, they did so poorly.
There are many stories about that generation like the one Julie Wei tells about Charles Hucker. Another one goes like this. A learned Sinologist was riding in a rickshaw. Finally, they ended up flipping over, which did indeed bring the rickshaw to a halt. It's impossible, for — among others — the reasons I outlined in this comment:.
As I've pointed out endlessly for the past four decades, one cannot hold a free, spontaneous, unrehearsed conversation in LS. What generally passes for "LS" is basically a matrix of Mandarin or other Sinitic vernacular with bits of LS sprinkled in. My brother Denis, who is indeed very learned in Classical, can do this in a very impressive fashion, but normal people usually look upon this kind of LS-laced speech as a curiosity.
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Here I must recount a personal experience. In the 80s and 90s, one of the world's most famous Chinese scholars an ethnic Pekingese who was an enormously learned specialist on traditional literature most kindly sent me at least one long, handwritten letter in Chinese every year. It was clear that he was trying to write in a register that was highly LS, but it was always a stylistic mess, neither fish nor fowl.
I would sometimes show the letters to my wife, who was a beautiful stylist in Mandarin and who had higher degrees in Classical Studies, and she was always aghast. She abhorred that kind of pedantic, pseudo-LS, and felt embarrassed that Chinese would still try to impress people by endeavoring to resuscitate a written medium that had been dead as a spoken language for at least two thousand years what the linguist Y. Chao called "unsayable" and then died a second, irrevocable death with the abolition of the imperial examination system the main thing that had kept it "alive" as a written medium for the previous two millennia in It is conceivable that a small band of zealots might attempt to revive LS as a spoken language, but it couldn't happen in Mandarin because the phonology has been radically reduced, making the degree of monosyllabic homophony a bar to spoken communication.
It would be somewhat easier, but still extremely difficult, with Cantonese or Hokkien, because they possess more tones, including entering tones final stops , than Mandarin. But even with Cantonese and Hokkien, they lack consonant clusters and a wider variety of finals that existed in Old Sinitic, so many syllables that would have been audibly distinct in Old Sinitic have now in modern Cantonese and Hokkien become homophones or near-homophones.
As for reconstructing the full phonology of Old Sinitic and attempting to resurrect it as the basis for the pronunciation of a reinvented spoken LS, we really have no clear idea of what Old Sinitic sounded like, so that is but a pipe dream that I seriously doubt will ever materialize.
August 19, 3: Ultimately she went to England and America and converted to Christianity. Thus, she is associated with Medical and other Scientific training for women- as opposed to the revival of Sanskrit. School and decided to specialize in it.
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He won fame as an orator and, despite being non-Brahmin, was given the title of Pandit by the Scholars of Benares. He distinguished himself in the Arya Samaj vs Blavatsky controversy and Monier Williams took him back with him to Oxford to help with his celebrated dictionary.
However, his trajectory thenceforth was towards Gujerati, Marathi and other Vernaculars as a Radical intellectual with a soft spot in the head? Indeed, he returned to England to espouse various radical causes.
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Swami Dayanand Saraswati founder of the Arya Samaj won acclaim for his Sanskrit oratory but his plan for Vedic Schools gurukuls failed ignominiously. He too switched from Sanskrit to Hindi after the mid 's. Subsequently, the Arya Samaj's D. V Schools and Colleges put more emphasis on excellence in English, Hindi and Science subjects because that was what parents wanted while relegating Sanskrit to early years education- i.
One reason why the Arya Samaj- in Punjab, for example- couldn't gain traction for heavy duty Sanskrit was because knowledge of Persian and 'shikasta' script was necessary for Legal and Land Revenue purposes. People from the South, or Bengal or Gujerat, were afraid that a Sanskritized diction would label them as village pedants from the boondocks. A, he very rapidly acquired proficiency in a Persianized Hindustani idiom- this wasn't simply 'pandering to the Muslims' Bose came from a Province where Hindus were in the minority it was a claim to the Delhi of the Moghuls- i.
In the Hindi speaking belt, the demand for 'shuddh' i. Sanskritized Hindi was clearly linked with the demand for more Govt. It did continue after Independence but failed to gain traction. North Indians still feel Urdu to be more prestigious. It is noteworthy that Modi's extempore speech on Republic Day avoids notorious Sanskritisms but deploys vigorous Urdu collocations. Yes, there is a Sanskrit conversation movement which has been gaining traction over the last 20 years- but nobody has actually said anything very interesting in it- so it remains a fad like 'Vastu' or 'Vedic Mathematics'.
It has produced no orators. By contrast Avadhanam exercises- in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh- are often conducted both in the vernacular and in Sanskrit- where the latter has an edge by reason of its syntheticity and context independence. Furthermore, it is actually quite exciting and fun to watch. However, the notion that Indians want to talk Sanskrit to each other has been shown to be false.
There is a 'co-ordination game' whose Schelling focal point is either Globish or 'cool' Bollywood slang. What is lacking is a 'dis-coordination game' such that something hieratic and elitist obtains to overawe the Philistine. Not even the stilted English of celebrated Leftist Academics, who refer to the Poor by the Gramscian code-word 'subaltern', has that power any more. Indeed, the move to reform the syllabus so as to give prominence to the ideas of retired School teachers and Professors of Tourism is part of a wider, and surely salutary, desire to disintermediate the professional academics so as to restore the great Socially Liberative Mission of telling stupid lies to genuinely stupid people.
August 19, Thanks to Victor Mair for correcting my inaccuracies statistics etc. Of course when gentlemen of an older generation used Literary Chinese partially in conversation they couldn't reproduce the pronunciation of the ancients, but would use modern pronunciation. I do know that some gentlemen who affect Literary Chinese in their writing can produce half-baked, laughable Literary Chinese.
Liang Qi-chao, a famous, prolific, writer and reformist of the early 20th century, was one such person. And it is no wonder he failed several times in exams to get the jinshi degree the top scholarly degree. I've heard people laugh at his half-baked literary style as neither fish nor fowl because it wasn't vernacular either. But his writings were widely read because of his reformist ideas. I've also seen my mom laugh at the writing of a gentleman-friend of my dad's who wrote in half-baked, atrocious, Literary Chinese, "like half-cooked rice".
My dad also said the famous Chen Li-fu Chiang Kai-shek's top aide who later wrote books on Confucianism, wrote ungrammatical Literary Chinese. I checked and found he was right—Chen made grammatical mistakes in his Literary Chinese sentences. For the amusement of those here who don't know Chinese Mandarin , a few basic phrases below in a literary style and in vernacular, used in conversation: WO MA "my mom" vern. From a colleague who is an outstanding specialist on premodern Chinese literature and lexicography:.
Thanks for sending this, which I indeed found most interesting and even heartening. I did not know of Sanskrit's resurgence. This gives one hope, despite the generally depressed state of Indic studies in this country. Of course I agree with your views about the teaching of LS. There are still, as you know, places in the U. August 19, 7: I think I saw those conversations a while ago.
I certainly agree that I have never thought LS could be spoken in modern times, and I doubt that it was much, if ever spoken in ancient times. I suppose that the gap between spoken and written forms of Chinese is inherently and irreducibly greater than in the case of "phonetically" written languages, due to the logographic nature of the sinographs. As a classics major in college, I was indeed as one comment mentioned aware of Sanskrit as a related language but regrettably never got beyond the first lesson of a Sanskrit text that I started to read by myself shortly after finishing college.
I always thought it interesting that the nuclear physicist Oppenheimer studied Sanskrit intensively, apparently hoping to find ultimate wisdom in it. Is the movement to revive Sanskrit as a spoken language intended to bridge the linguistic gaps among all the Indo-European and Dravidian tongues, based on their shared religious tradition of Hinduism, as enshrined in Sanskrit?
Does the phonetic character of the Devanagari script make that more feasible than if it were written logographically? The modern revival of Hebrew was mentioned as a cautionary example against saying LS could "never" be "revived" as a spoken tongue. But Hebrew was continually used since antiquity in liturgical speech by devoutly religious Jews, as I understand it. Kindle Edition File Size: Customer reviews There are no customer reviews yet. Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a product review. Feedback If you need help or have a question for Customer Service, contact us.
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