Environmental health for all: risk assessment and risk communication for national environmental health action plans / edited by David J. Briggs, Richard Stern.
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- A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks
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Presenting Decision-Makers with Their Choices: Issues and Research Needs. Workshop Conclusions and Recommendations. View online Borrow Buy Freely available Show 0 more links Related resource Table of contents only at http: With access conditions at http: Set up My libraries How do I set up "My libraries"? These 5 locations in All: Open to the public ; Open to the public.
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University of the Sunshine Coast Library. Open to the public ; RA Open to the public Conference Proceedings English Show 0 more libraries This single location in New South Wales: These 2 locations in Queensland: E Conference Proceedings English Show 0 more libraries This single location in Victoria: This single location in Western Australia: As has been noted, assessment involves comparing health outcomes under different scenarios. As also noted, the transition from one state to another rarely occurs spontaneously, but usually involves considerable adaptive changes. In recent literature on, for example, climate change, discussion about adaptation has tended to focus on deliberate institutional responses to risk, primarily through policy.
More generally, however, adaptation involves a complex and recursive process of individual response, not only to the risks themselves but also to the resulting policies or other interventions [ 7 ]. These collective and individual adaptations may take a long time to manifest themselves, both because of in-built latencies within the system e.
A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks
Adjustments may thus continue for many years or even centuries. Nor are the states at the start and end of this process necessarily some form of stasis or equilibrium, both because internal dynamics such as ageing or evolution may mean that change is inherent, and because other externally driven perturbations may disrupt the system before it can become fully adjusted.
Many systems thus remain in a state of perpetual flux. The dynamics of environmental health systems have important implications for assessment, for they mean that the results are dependent on the timeframe used. Comparisons of simple snapshots in time, representing before and after conditions, for example, are likely to underestimate the true impacts because they fail to take account of the possibly substantial effects of intervening adaptations. Assessments based on short timeframes are also likely to be misleading, for they will ignore the longer-term consequences both of the initial intervention and subsequent adaptive responses.
Even so-called life cycle approaches, in which assessment is continued for the duration of the policy or product, may neglect more persisting legacies, such as inter-generational effects. If these long-lasting effects are to be considered, the timeframes for assessment may need to be extremely and somewhat arbitrarily extended.
In a life cycle analysis of emissions from a modern landfill site, for example, Camobreco et al. Such long timeframes may not only be difficult to rationalise in the more short-term world of policy-making, but also of course add to the uncertainties inherent in the analysis. Nevertheless, in the face of dynamic and adaptive behaviours, static scenarios are clearly limited. While they may be useful in addressing general questions about the desirability of different policy goals, they give limited guidance on the likely consequences of trying to achieve these outcomes.
In most cases, therefore, adaptive scenarios — or endogenous scenarios in the terminology of Carter and La Rovere [ ] — are likely to be more informative. These do not define the ultimate state of the system, but instead specify the changes in input conditions; modelling is then done to simulate the way in which these move through the system, and the resulting system state.
They are, as such, closer to projections or predictions than mere narratives or visions of some alternative world. Consequently, they are prey to all the inevitable uncertainties involved in modelling system behaviour. These uncertainties can be substantial in the case of environmental processes, where data are sparse, model parameterisation only approximate and non-linearity may rule. They are liable to become even greater, however, in the case of social systems that depend on human behaviours, for these are not always easy to predict and may seem to go against the purpose of the intervention or the collective good [ 7 ].
Adaptation, it needs to be remembered, is an intrinsic and largely individual phenomenon, and as such is each person's response to the perception of the world from within. As Hardin's [ ] well-known parable of the 'tragedy of the commons' illustrates, from this perspective rational behaviour may look very different from that of the outside observer.
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The growing complexity of issues facing policy-makers, and the increasing demands for more inclusive and 'joined-up' policy have highlighted the need for more integrated methods of assessment to guide decision-taking. This need is especially acute in the area of environmental health, where the complexities of human activities, environmental processes, and human well-being come together. By extending the principles of integrated assessment, as previously developed mainly in the field of environmental policy, to human health much of this need can be addressed.
As this paper has indicated, however, the application of such integrated approaches to environmental health assessment brings many challenges. Chief among these are questions of how to deal properly with the multi-causality, non-linearity and change processes inherent in most analyses. Together these problems emphasise the need for careful and rigorous issue-framing and scenario specification as the foundation for assessment. How to achieve this, especially in the context of multiple stakeholders with varying interests and levels of expertise, is itself challenging.
Conducting rigorous assessments of the scenarios thus defined presents further difficulties, not least because of gaps in data, limitations of knowledge and the inevitable amplification of uncertainties involved in devising and parameterising complex and linked models. These knowledge deficits, in turn, have important implications for the supporting sciences especially of epidemiology and toxicology — not least in demanding higher levels of understanding about the multivariate and time-varying interdependencies and interactions between environment and health.
Many research challenges thus remain. If the larger problems that increasingly face society are to be resolved, however, these are all challenges that need to be taken up. This paper is the sole work of the author, who has been responsible for researching the issues covered, developing most of the new ideas and concepts contained herein, and preparing the paper.
The work presented herein was undertaken in the context of two studies funded under the European Union 6 th Framework Programme: I gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the EU through these projects. Whilst responsibility for the views and opinions expressed here lies with me along, in developing these ideas I have received much stimulus and advice from many partners in these two projects; I thank all those concerned for this stimulation and help. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Environ Health v.
Published online Nov David J Briggs 1. Received May 28; Accepted Nov This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Traditional methods of risk assessment have provided good service in support of policy, mainly in relation to standard setting and regulation of hazardous chemicals or practices. Introduction Environmental effects on health have always been multi-facetted.
Review Assessment in the context of risk governance Recognition of the systemic nature of risks to human health has stimulated a vigorous debate within the policy arena about how best to develop and guide policies in the context of complexity. Integrated environmental health impact assessment: Open in a separate window. The assessment process This concept of integrated assessment for policy on environment and health has inevitable implications for the way in which assessment is carried out, and who is involved in the process.
An operational framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment. Issue framing The process starts with issue-framing. Design The purpose of the design stage is to convert the conceptual model devised during issue framing into a detailed protocol for assessment. Execution The execution stage comprises the heart of the assessment process.
Appraisal Appraisal represents the final stage in assessment, and provides the point at which results are synthesised and interpreted. The added value of integrated environmental health impact assessment The approach to integrated environmental health impact assessment offered here clearly represents a major extension from traditional forms of risk assessment, and even from more holistic approaches such as HIA and CRA. Limitations and challenges The framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment outlined here combines two main methodologies: Stakeholder participation The importance of involving stakeholders in assessment has already been made.
Multicausality The complexity of systemic issues inevitably poses major challenges for assessment. Non-linearity As already implied, systemic risks tend to behave non-linearly. Change, adaptation and time As has been noted, assessment involves comparing health outcomes under different scenarios.
Conclusion The growing complexity of issues facing policy-makers, and the increasing demands for more inclusive and 'joined-up' policy have highlighted the need for more integrated methods of assessment to guide decision-taking. Competing interests The author declares that he has no competing interests. Authors' contributions This paper is the sole work of the author, who has been responsible for researching the issues covered, developing most of the new ideas and concepts contained herein, and preparing the paper.
Acknowledgements The work presented herein was undertaken in the context of two studies funded under the European Union 6 th Framework Programme: Planetary overload Global environmental change and the health of the human species. Cambridge University Press; Renn O, Klinke A. Systemic risks as challenge for policy making in risk governance.
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