Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva later known as Lana Peters, was the youngest child and only daughter of Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva;.
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Figure Skating Championships, but her future in the activity is thrown into doubt when her ex-husband intervenes. In early Moscow, under the Great Terror's heavy cloak of state paranoia, the ever-watchful Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, collapses unexpectedly of a brain hemorrhage. Inevitably, when his body is discovered the following morning, a frenetic surge of raw panic spreads like a virus among the senior members of the Council of Ministers as they scramble to maintain order, weed out the competition, and, ultimately, take power.
But in the middle of a gut-wrenching roller-coaster of incessant plotting, tireless machinations, and frail allegiances, absolutely no one is safe; not even the feared chief of the secret police, Lavrenti Beria. In the end, who will prevail after the death of Stalin? Written by Nick Riganas. This is an excellent film. And its treatment of the Stalin Era of the Soviet Union is both darkly humorous and actually very unflinching in its depicting the monsters and their monstrosities for what they were. I was worried that, in an attempt to extract humor from the situation that they might've glossed over just how monstrous the key characters actually were.
To Iannucci and Schneider's credit however, there was absolutely no glossing over at all. Beria, for instance, is portrayed as every bit the monster in human form that he was - this, even as that portrayal is also made darkly and delightfully humorous at times. The whole cast played their parts well and played them "straight" - which only heightened the humor and the horror of what life was like under Stalin in the Soviet Union. Even the nominal "hero" of the tale, Nakita Khrushchev, is realistically portrayed as being just as conniving and callous and power hungry as everyone else.
Buscemi would seem an odd choice for that particular role but he pulls it off with style and excellence. So too does Simon Russell Beale in his portrayal of Beria. This is a nicely done film with excellent production values, a great script, fine acting, excellent pacing, and a compelling tale that is well told.
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In an interview on 26 April , she referred to Singh as her husband but also stated that they were never allowed to marry officially. After she stated her desire to defect in writing, the United States Ambassador Chester Bowles offered her political asylum and a new life in the United States. If you disagree with this, let me know before midnight. This is one advantage that non-career Ambassadors have; they can go ahead and do unorthodox things without anybody objecting, where a Foreign Service officer might not dare do it.
We talked to her and said, "Point number one—are you really sure that you want to leave home? Have you really thought it through? You could go back to the Russian embassy right now she was staying there in their dormitory and simply go to sleep and forget it, and get up Wednesday morning and on to Moscow, as your schedule calls for. But she was very quick on this. The Indian government feared condemnation by the Soviet Union, so she was immediately sent from India to Rome. When the Qantas flight arrived in Rome, [13] Alliluyeva immediately travelled further to Geneva , Switzerland , where the government arranged her a tourist visa and accommodation for six weeks.
Upon her arrival in New York City in April , she gave a press conference denouncing her father's legacy and the Soviet government. During her years in exile, it is claimed that Alliluyeva was never happy. Her children who were left behind in the Soviet Union did not maintain contact with her. While Western sources saw a KGB hand behind this, [16] her children claimed that this is because of her complex character. Olgivanna believed in mysticism and had become convinced that Alliluyeva was a spiritual replacement for her own daughter, also named Svetlana.
Years previously, Olgivanna's daughter had married Wright's chief apprentice William Wesley "Wes" Peters before she died in a car crash. Within a matter of months, Alliluyeva was engaged to Peters, and the two married. They had a daughter, Olga b. Peters was a leading member of the Taliesin Fellowship , a group of architects and designers who had been Wright's apprentices and acolytes and had remained dedicated to his work.
Alliluyeva adopted the name Lana Peters , became part of the Fellowship community, and migrated back and forth with them between Taliesin West and Wright's summer home and studio, Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin. By her own account, Alliluyeva retained respect and affection for Peters, but their marriage dissolved because of the pressure of Mrs. Wright's influence, and Alliluyeva's inability to adjust to the cult-like lifestyle of the Taliesin Fellowship, which she compared to life in the Soviet Union under her father.
In , Alliluyeva became a US citizen, [10] and in , she moved with her daughter to Cambridge, England , where they shared an apartment near the Cambridge University Botanic Garden. In , she went back to the United States after "feuding with relatives. Alliluyeva, for the most part, lived the last two years of her life in southern Wisconsin , either in Richland Center or in Spring Green , the location of Wright's summer studio " Taliesin ".
She died on 22 November from complications arising from colon cancer in Richland Center, [3] [22] where she had spent time while visiting from Cambridge. At the time of Alliluyeva's death, her youngest daughter, Olga, went by the name Chrese Evans and ran a fashion boutique in Portland, Oregon. Yekaterina was living in Siberia's Kamchatka Peninsula studying a volcano. Her son Iosif died in Russia in Alliluyeva was baptised into the Russian Orthodox Church on 20 March During her years of exile, she flirted with various religions. She then turned to the Greek Orthodox church and is also reported to have thought of becoming a nun.
In , Alliluyeva found herself spending time with Roman Catholics in Switzerland and encountered many denominations during her time in the US. In California, she lived with a Catholic couple, Michael and Rose Ginciracusa, for two years — Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of , which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. After the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel , setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south.
The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. From until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country for after his death. On 1 March , Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Volynskoe dacha. Stalin's death was announced on 6 March.
Stalin left no anointed successor nor a framework within which a transfer of power could take place. Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen, [] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life; [] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions", [] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. Rieber noted that he had been raised in "a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals".
I stand on the ground of the latter". As a Marxist, Stalin believed in an inevitable class war between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state.
Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. Stalinism was a development of Leninism, [] and while Stalin avoided using the term "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism", he allowed others to do so. This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism.
Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism , was hostile to socialism. He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility, [] which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage.
During his youth, Stalin usually wore a red satin shirt, grey coat, and red fedora, or alternatively a traditional Georgian chokha and white hood. Stalin was ethnically Georgian, [] and had grown up speaking the Georgian language, [] only learning Russian when aged eight or nine. Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship.
Stalin had a soft voice, [] and when speaking Russian he did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity. Stalin was a capable actor who could play many different roles to different audiences, [] and was adept at deception, often lying or deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. Stalin was ruthless, [] temperamentally cruel, [] and had a propensity for violence excessive even among the Bolsheviks.
Stalin admired artistic talent, [] and protected several Soviet writers, such as Mikhail Bulgakov , even when their work was regarded as harmful to his regime. Stalin disliked travel, [] and refused to travel by plane.
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A luxury villa near Gagri was given to him by Beria. In Abkhazia he maintained a mountain retreat. Another estate was near Zelyony Myss on the Black Sea. All these dachas, estates, and palaces were staffed, well-furnished and equipped, kept safe by security forces, and were mainly used privately, rarely for diplomatic purposes.
Although Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism, [] he was repeatedly accused of being anti-Semitic. Friendship was important to Stalin, [] and he used it to gain and maintain power. Stalin was attracted to women and there are no reports of any homosexual tendencies; [] according to Montefiore, in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend". According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match"; [] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved".
Early life of Joseph Stalin
He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva ; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often rowed. After Nadezdha's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva; [] Montefiore believed that they were probably lovers.
The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin, "perhaps more than any other [person,] determined the course of the twentieth century".
Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union, [] transforming it into a "great power" in under three decades. Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as totalitarian. McDermott nevertheless cautioned about "over-simplistic stereotypes"—promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , Vasily Grossman , and Anatoly Rybakov —that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin.
Some view him as the authentic successor to Lenin, who continued and developed his legacy, while others believe that Stalin betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. According to Service, Stalin was "one of the most notorious figures in history", one who ordered "the systematic killing of people on a massive scale". Many more died as a result of famines and starvation; particularly during the —33 famine. Cold War era estimates for the total number of deaths under Stalin have been as high as 60 million but more recent estimates have been far lower.
Wheatcroft attributes roughly 3 million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including those from criminal negligence but excluding famine deaths, [] which he and historian R. Davies estimate to be around 5. Snyder asserts that while the Nazi regime killed 11—12 million non-combatants, Stalin's was responsible for about 6—9 million, negating claims that Stalin killed more than Hitler. Historians continue to debate whether or not the —33 Ukrainian famine—known in Ukraine as the Holodomor —should be called a genocide.
In , the Ukrainian Parliament declared it to be genocide, [] and in a Ukrainian court posthumously convicted Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich , Stanislav Kosior and other Soviet leaders of genocide. The process of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union took place shortly after his death.
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Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult, [] while Pravda restrained its praise of him and began to criticise his personality cult. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in ; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia.
In early a new monument in honor of Stalin was erected in Zaporizhia , Ukraine; [] in December unknown persons cut off its head and in it was destroyed in an explosion.
Joseph Stalin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Stalin disambiguation. This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs ; the patronymic is Vissarionovich and the family name is Stalin. Early life of Joseph Stalin. The existing government of landlords and capitalists must be replaced by a new government, a government of workers and peasants. The existing pseudo-government which was not elected by the people and which is not accountable to the people must be replaced by a government recognised by the people, elected by representatives of the workers, soldiers and peasants and held accountable to their representatives.
Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc.
Rise of Joseph Stalin. We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. We must close that gap in ten years. Either we do this or we'll be crushed. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. Soviet famine of — The image was later altered to remove Yezhov completely. Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin. Stalin was a killer. He was also an intellectual, an administrator, a statesman and a party leader; he was a writer, editor, and statesman.
Privately he was, in his own way, a dedicated as well as bad-tempered husband and father.
But he was unhealthy in mind and body. He had many talents, and used his intelligence to act out the roles he thought suited to his interests at any given time. He baffled, appalled, enraged, attracted and entranced his contemporaries. Most men and women of his lifetime, however, underestimated Stalin. It is hard for me to reconcile the courtesy and consideration he showed me personally with the ghastly cruelty of his wholesale liquidations.
Others, who did not know him personally, see only the tyrant in Stalin. I saw the other side as well — his high intelligence, that fantastic grasp of detail, his shrewdness and his surprising human sensitivity that he was capable of showing, at least in the war years. I found him better informed than Roosevelt, more realistic than Churchill, in some ways the most effective of the war leaders I must confess that for me Stalin remains the most inscrutable and contradictory character I have known — and leave the final word to the judgment of history.
Stalin brutally, artfully, indefatigably built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. Then he launched and saw through a bloody socialist remaking of the entire former empire, presided over a victory in the greatest war in human history, and took the Soviet Union to the epicentre of global affairs.
More than for any other historical figure, even Gandhi or Churchill, a biography of Stalin Number of deaths in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. During his years as a revolutionary, he adopted the alias "Stalin", and after the October Revolution he officially made it his name. This birth date is maintained in his School Leaving Certificate, his extensive tsarist Russia police file, a police arrest record from 18 April which gave his age as 23 years, and all other surviving pre-Revolution documents.
As late as , Stalin himself listed his birthday as 18 December in a curriculum vitae in his own handwriting. After coming to power in , Stalin claimed to have been born on 21 December Old Style date 9 December That became the day his birthday was celebrated in the Soviet Union. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
Stalin's Letter to Molotov, New Haven and London: Russia's Power Transfer Crises. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Retrieved 25 June Retrieved 30 April Putin opens first Soviet victims memorial ". Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion ".