Madduwattas Rebellion (Hittite Trilogy Book 2)

It is now three years since the Battle of the Plateau (Vol 1—Murder in Hattusas) put Tudhaliyas on the throne in the realm of the ancient Hittite Empire, yet instead .
Table of contents

• Bryce The Kingdom Of The Hittites | Yana Uzunova - leondumoulin.nl
• Hittite Online
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• Series Introduction

Any Hittites specialists out here? Could anyone please recommend me a good book or website about the Hittites? December 5th, , The Wiki article titled 'Hittites' is not a bad introduction. You coud get some useful leads from there. It is a long ass book. I started reading it but I couldn't finish it.

It is too long-windy for my taste. Thank you all so much for your response. I checked the wiki article, but would like something more extensive. I'll try to find 'the Kingdom of the Hittites'. I don't mind long windy if it's the most informational of all the available books.

The kingdom of the Hittites by Trevor Bryce is the best book out there. It is the book you read if you want to know the history of this fascinating kingdom. Letters of the great kings by Trevor Bryce. This is a great look at the brotherhood of kings of the late Bronze Age which the Hittites were major players. These two are great reads. Not a book, but you might be interested in this documentary: Also, you can't beat Jeremy Irons as a narrator.

Here's a timeline I made a few years ago when I was looking into them. It isn't really fact-checked, so beware. An interesting aspect of them that is often swept to the side is that they were Indo-European speakers, which places their original roots somewhere along the Volga circa 3k bce. It may have given rise to the later Khirbet Kerak ware culture found in Syria and Canaan after the fall of the Akkadian Empire. They appear as nomadic people in Mesopotamian sources, and are connected with the mountainous region of Jebel Bishri in Syria called the "mountain of the Amorites".

The terms Amurru and Amar were used for them in Assyria and Egypt respectively. They brought widespread destruction, as attested by archological remains. The rest of Anatolia was was spared this turmoil. They had little competition from outsiders until the arrival of the Hittites.

The central plain of Anatolia is as an island - it has mountains on all sides. Along the western side of Anatolia, the mountain range separates the plain from the costal colonies on the other side of the slope.

The colonies were independent "Greek" city states, which at times banded together. These Greek colonies were sea oriented. Cillicia, They engaged in trade and they engaged in piracy.

The coastal communities formed a broad community with other coastal colonies in Greece, Italy and Africa. Thus the people of the Anatolian enclave at Caria, may have had closer contact with Berber sailors from north Africa than with the Hattian landsmen the east side of the mountain range. Yet the Hattians were also a trading partner, they could deliver horses, and grain in exchange for sea gotten booty, they were also an overland connection to the silk road and India.

The Hattians were an advanced culture, their taste in art was no doubt given a boost by their access to art objects and materials from the entire Mediterranian and Black Sea coastal areas. The Hattians also created art of their own. The Hattians and the Greeks were complimented each other. They were both good traders, they existed side by side without burdensome conflict. The sea people kept their larceny and piratry to the Sea, and the Hattians had no reason to war on them.

It's always nice to have a friend with too much gold on his hands. The Hittites spoke a distinctive version of the Indo-European language family. We don't know if they been run off the Steppe by more savage tribes or if were they were just following the trail of the pirate's gold.

But like the Hyscos in Egypt, they used lightweight two man charriots driver and an archer they were the toughest bunch the Anatolian plain had yet seen. By the 18th century, they ruled much of central Anatolia. By the 14th they ruled from Mesopotamia to Syria. Their invasion spelled the end of the Old Babylonian empire in Mesopotamia BC , like so many before them, they adopted the ways of the conquered; after the conquest of Mesopotamia, the Hittites adopted the laws, religion, and the literature of the Babylonians thus continuing the long heritage of Sumerian culture.

Their empire was at its greatest from BC, and even after the Assyrians regained control of Mesopotamia after BC, the Hittite cities and territories thrived independently until BC, when the territories were finally conquered by Assyrians and others. The Hebrew scriptures have little to say about the Hittites; the Egyptians regarded them as barbarians. From BC, the Hittites waged a war against Egypt that drained both empires.

The Hittites themselves seem to have left few accounts of their history, so until the twentieth century no one knew of their culture. Yet, the Hittites are a significant peoples in Mesopotamian history. Because their empire was so large and because they inherited the trade of the Hattians, they found themselves at the center of civilizations and peoples of the Mediterranean. The Hittites became the people primarily responsible for transmitting Mesopotamian thought, law, political structure, economic structure, and ideas around the Mediterranean, from Egypt to Greece.

Because of the Hittites, when the Hebrews migrated to Canaan under Moses they found a people, the Canaanites, who were, culturally speaking, Mesopotamian.

The Hittites adopted many of the gods of the Sumerians and Old Babylonians and like the Romans they recognized all gods, they adopted conqured people's gods into their religious practices. The principal deities of the Hittites were likely adopted from the Hattian religion. They had war chariots they had learned their warfare from people like the Sarmations, the Massagetae, they had as best they could avoided the predecessors of the Persian cataphracts, but they had destroyed the Kassite Babylon empire on their way to Anatolia.

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So the Hattians could deliver horses, grain and goods to a people who were dripping with gold booty. Battle of Kadesh reportedly show long-nosed Hattian soldiers, while their Hittite leaders looked different according to Turkish archaeologist Ekrem Akurgal Akurgal claims that "The Hattians were still the great majority of the population in the Hittite period. At the end of what is referred to as the Middle Kingdom era of Egypt, came a breakdown in centralised power, independence of lesser monarchs and the assumption of power in the Delta by Pharaohs of the 17th Dynasty. The Hittites established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia the empire reached its height ca.

In the Middle Assyrian period 15th to 10th centuries , its influence waned but later was regained in a series of conquests. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty. Ebla is mentioned in texts from Alalakh around BC. They may have moved into territory abandoned by the former inhabitants of Zalpa.

From the fifteenth century, they threatened the Hittites - attacking and sometimes sacking Hattusa. The Kaskans were generally pig farmers and linen weavers. To the west were the Pala, whom they may have displaced. The Pala were replaced or absorbed by the Phrygians in the late thirteenth century. Colchis to the east.

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They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta. Thebes capital of Egypt. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed. Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies. Hurrians also settled in the coastal region of Adaniya in the country of Kizzuwatna. Yamhad eventually weakened to the powerful Hittites, but this also opened Anatolia for Hurrian cultural influences.

The Hitttes rebuilt the city "a generation later" and sometime after that, the Kaskas twice attacked the city 17th century The kingdom of Mitanni was a feudal state led by a warrior nobility of Aryan Indo-Iranian or Hurrian origin who lived in the Levant region The spread to Syria of a distinct pottery type associated with the Kura-Araxes culture has been connected with this movement, although its date is somewhat too early. Although the residents of ancient Ugarit in modern Syria do not seem to have considered themselves Canaanite, and did not speak a Canaanite language but one that was closely related , archaeologists have considered the site, which was rediscovered in , as quintessentially Canaanite The city of Corum and surrounding area rose to prominence with the emergence of the Hittite Empire, under the patronage of which the arts and local economy significantly developed and prospered.

Hattusa, the capital of Hittite Empire, was located in the region owing to its inherent geographic protection, and the well-established local economy as supported by the regional Karum system. Ebla never recovered from its second destruction. It continued as a village until the 7th century AD, then was deserted and forgotten until its archaeological rediscovery. Alalakh is the name of an ancient city and its associated city-state of the Amuq River valley, in the Hatay region of southern Turkey near the city of Antakya ancient Antioch , and now represented by an extensive city-mound known as Tell Atchana.

They rose to power in the 17th century BC, traditional chronology and ruled Lower and Middle Egypt for years, forming the Fifteenth and possibly the Sixteenth Dynasties of Egypt, c. The six fifteenth dynasty rulers are called Hyksos. They had Canaanite names. The Hyksos arrived with the composite bow and the horse-drawn chariot which had to have come from the steppe.

They formed a confederation which for a time troubled the Hittites. These were Asian people who had adopted Indo-European authority and military structures, and many of them were invaders who set up miniature kingdoms dotting the landscape of the Middle East and Asia Minor. The Hittites were the most successful of these new invaders. But they didn't control the center of Mesopotamia, the city of Babylon, for very long before another Indo-European people, the Kassites, roared in and dominated a large part of Mesopotamia. The Hittite empire continued for several hundred years, but the Kassites would dominate the center of Mesopotamia and commercially.

They called that city: By the end of the fifteenth century, southeastern Turkey, northeastern Syria, northern Iraq, and northwestern Iran - the area that is now populated by the Kurds- was under direct or indirect control of the Mitannian king. With the decline of the Old-Babylonian Empire, the kings of Mitanni expanded their realm. He then moved inland and took the city and territory around Ardata; here he garrisoned the area known as Djahy, probably in southern Syria.

This permitted him to ship supplies and troops between Syria and Egypt. Although there is no direct evidence for it, it is for this reason that some have supposed that Thutmose's sixth campaign, in his thirtieth year, commenced with a naval transportation of troops directly into to Byblos, bypassing Canaan entirely. After the troops arrived in Syria by whatever means, they proceeded into the Jordan river valley and moved north from there, pillaging Kadesh's lands.

Turning west again, Thutmose took Simyra and quelled a rebellion in Ardata, which apparently had rebelled once again. To stop such rebellions, Thutmose began taking hostages from the cities in Syria. The cities in Syria were not guided by the popular sentiment of the people so much as they were by the small number of nobles who were aligned to Mitanni: Thutmose III found that by taking family members of these key people to Egypt as hostages, he could drastically increase their loyalty to him.

However, Syria did rebel yet again in Thutmose's thirty-first year, and he returned to Syria for his seventh campaign, took the port city of Ullaza and the smaller Phoenician ports, and took even more measures to prevent further rebellions. All the excess grain which was produced in Syria was stored in the harbors he had recently conquered, and was used for the support of the military and civilian Egyptian presence ruling Syria. This left the cities in Syria desperately impoverished, and with their economies in ruins, they had no means of funding a rebellion.

After Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni, a Hurrian country with an Indo-Aryan ruling class. To reach Mitanni, he had to cross the Euphrates river. Therefore, Thutmose III sailed directly to Byblos and then made boats which he took with him over land on what appeared to otherwise be just another tour of Syria, and he proceeded with the usual raiding and pillaging as he moved north through the lands he had already taken.

However, here he continued north through the territory belonging to the still unconquered cities of Aleppo and Carchemish, and then quickly crossed the Euphrates in his boats, taking the Mitannian king entirely by surprise. It appears that Mitanni was not expecting an invasion, so they had no army of any kind ready to defend against Thutmose, although their ships on the Euphrates did try to defend against the Egyptian crossing.

Thutmose III then went from city to city and pillaged them. During this period of no opposition, Thutmose put up a second stele commemorating his crossing of the Euphrates, next to the one his grandfather Thutmose I had put up several decades earlier. Eventually a militia was raised to fight the invaders, but it fared very poorly.

Series Introduction

Thutmose III then returned to Syria by way of Niy, where he records that he engaged in an elephant hunt. He then collected tribute from foreign powers and returned to Egypt in victory. The Kaska were the loosely-affiliated Bronze Age tribal people of mountainous Anatolia, known from Hittite sources. They lived in the region between the core Hittite region in eastern Anatolia and the Black Sea, and are the reason the Hittite Empire never extended northward. When the Kaska were not raiding or serving as mercenaries, they raised pigs and wove linen, leaving little record.

This interpretation has long been the subject of discussion and debate, but it is now accepted that Ahhiya and his later declension, Ahhiyawa, actually refer to the Achaeans. First, there is in the Sins of Madduwatta, the brief relation of a battle between Hittites and Achaeans in which only one man is killed in each camp. This reminds us of the custom commonly reported in the Homeric narratives, whereby two champions of each army are confronted to decide the outcome of the battle.

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As for the so-called Atarssiyya, who according to the Hittites is an Achaean sovereign who ruled around BC. It would be none other than Atreus, the mythical king of Mycenae, the father of the no less famous Agamemnon, the one who leads the Greeks before Troy. BC, the sovereign says that he went westward and that he conquered twenty-two countries, which he lists.

Some have thus said: Other facts are even more troubling. BC, a treaty with the sovereign of this famous Wilusa. And in the Iliad we remember that the name of the son of Priam, sovereign of Troy, is none other than Paris, that his subjects also call him Alexander. Between 1, and 1, BC. In this long letter, the king of Hattusa recalls the city of Wilusa, about which they were hostile towards each other, before acknowledging his wrongs in this affair-unfortunately without specifying them further. Alas, the letter does not give the details of this conflict any more than it delivers the name of the recipient Achaean king.

This is very close to what should have been the pronunciation, in the archaic dialect of the Mycenaean, of the Greek name Eteocles, which was almost to say Etewoklewes …. Must we believe in the thesis of a war opposing, in connection with Troy, the Greeks to the Hittites? Some think so, others including me doubt because the excavations undertaken in Troy have not delivered a single tablet. And the correspondence between Hattusa and Mycenae certainly mentions a conflict, but not explicitly a war, with the siege of a city, etc.

Moreover, the fact that, in Homer's account, the Hittites do not appear at any moment is hardly explicable …. In my opinion the Trojans are perhaps old Greek but of Greek ethnic groups like those who arrived in Greece before the Mycenaean as some of their allies …. This topic also appears on this website under the title "Middle Guard Flags, Acknowledging I don't read "archaic" Greek, so am relying on D. Rieu's translation of "The Odyssey" as published by Penguin. At Book 11, Line , Odysseus is speaking to the shade of Achilles in the "Halls of Hades" about the exploits of Achilles' son, who had killed Eurypylus and "his Hittite men at arms.

AD and lasted until about BC. The term "neo-Hittite" is sometimes reserved specifically for the Lubite-speaking principalities such as Arslantepe and Karkemish, although in a broader sense the more global expression of "Syro-Hittite" culture is now applied to all entities that developed south of the central part of Anatolia after the fall of the Hittite empire — such as Tabal and Quwe — as well as those of northern Syria and its coastal areas. Sorry - only verified members can post on the forums. PST Hittites against Greeks! But the conflict between the two powers had begun long before.

Madduwata was installed as a vassal by the Hittites somewhere in southwestern Anatolia. Later, he even invaded Cyprus in alliance with his former enemy Attarsiya! Relying on the king of Ahhiyawa, Arzawa engaged in hostilities against the Hittites and had incited the country of Millawanda to rebel, but he had been defeated and his prince had probably handed the king of Ahhiyawa to the Hittites … In the 13th century BC.

AD In those periods the Achaean colonies on the Anatolian coast and the relevant diplomatic relations with the Hittite empire seemed to be ruled by the Achaeans of Thebes, indicating that it was the most powerful of the Achaean civilization that time. The Trojan wars and raids of the Peoples of the Sea in Egypt are also important examples of this type of operations … Another version of the Achaean contacts with the Hittites relates that the Achaean influence extended to Crete, and an Achaean state was probably established there after the native organization was disturbed by the explosion of Santorini.

It was also a maritime power and extended in western Anatolia and even further west. But this seems unlikely given the well-documented commercial contact. Attarsiyas was he Atreus, the father of the legendary Agamemnon. Madduwatas was a fugitive from Attarsiyas who fled to the king of the Hittites. He was established as a vassal prince Hittite in the territory of Zippasla. Later, he will reconcile even with Attarsiyas to attack Alashiya … In conclusion, one day, we will see a Hittite version of the story of the Trojan war. It is not absurd to believe it. First, because the Hittites maintained diplomatic relations with the first Greeks.

For the neophytes, history in itself is of little interest. The philologists bring several elements of proof to this reading. However, this bold approach is still being discussed. Whether Atarssiyya is, or not, Atreus, the Greeks are there. As for Troy, the question is more delicate.