U.S. Army, TECHNICAL MANUAL, NIGHT VISION SIGHT, INDIVIDUAL SERVED WEAPON, AN/PVS-4, TM 11-5855-213-

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Factory flyer, English language, RMB 12 gauge pump shotgun with tubular magazine. An integral laser has been added. Capability of carrying light weapons. M16 focus, M60 etc.

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Attachment 1- Condition Codes. Update to manual, 27 December, , English language. Opti-Logic Laser Rangefinder retail price list, December , English language. English and Chinese, October , English language. English language, April English language, May English language, 25 July, English language, 28 February English language, 1 August English language, August English language, March English language, November English language, July Changes 1 through 7, 28 June , English language.

July , English language. June , English language. MK19 Mod 3 TM May , English language. Includes many extra items, wiring diagrams, etc. FM , English language. FM November 28, , English language. September , English Language. M, MC, and ME1. August , English language. Humphreville and George B. US Military storage of weapons.

Dutch Revolvers- M and Ned. M16 rifle- 50 round magazine- Constant Force Extension Spring. Childers and Joseph C. February , with numerous reports from Vietnam use. Winchester Multiple Flechette Weapon- summary and recommendations. TM , Contract No. Preliminary Technical Manual, Operation and Maintenance. Firing Tables, Gun, Machine, Cal 0.

February, , English language. Mile Dragic Production- Serbia. March 30, , hardbound. Includes newspaper report on the weapon system. English language, pocket size, June Colt Armalite AR factory 4 color fold out brochure, , including rifle grenade, optic, bayonet.

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Catalogue of parts and assembly units, Russian and English language. B 82mm Recoilless rifle. Field Manual, 90mm Recoilless Rifle, M English language, July , with Changes 2 and 3. Factory catalog, s, English language. Desert Eagle- Magnum Research, factory catalog, s, English language. Colt CMG-2 belt fed light machine gun. September 22, , English language. Undated but probably s. XM Squad Automatic Weapon. January , English language. As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a request by General Willard G.

Wyman, continental Army Command to develop a. This request ultimately resulted in the development of a version of the Armalite AR However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, in January , Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the AR was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production.

It gradually replaced the M1 Garand rifle in U. Army service by and in U. Marine Corps service by It was the standard infantry rifle for U. The M14 was used for U. A new version of the M14, the M14 Enhanced Battle Rifle has been in service since , the M14 was developed from a long line of experimental weapons based upon the M1 rifle.

Although the M1 was among the most advanced infantry rifles of the late s, modifications were already beginning to be made to the basic M1 rifles design during the last months of World War II. Changes included adding fully automatic firing capability and replacing the eight-round en bloc clips with a box magazine holding 20 rounds. Winchester, Remington, and Springfield Armorys own John Garand offered different conversions, garands design, the T20, was the most popular, and T20 prototypes served as the basis for a number of Springfield test rifles from through the early s.

The two men were transferred to Springfield Armory in late , where work on the T25 continued. The T25 was designed to use the T65 service cartridge, a Frankford Arsenal design based upon. Olin Industries later introduced the cartridge on the market as the. After a series of revisions by Earle Harvey and other members of the. Lloyd Corbett, an engineer in Harveys rifle design group, added various refinements to the T44 design, including an operating rod.

The T47, which did not have a roller and performed worse in dust.


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Army facilities in the Arctic. FN engineers opened the gas ports in an attempt to improve functioning, as a result, the T44 was ranked superior in cold weather operation to the T In June , funding was made available to manufacture newly fabricated T44 receivers specially designed for the shorter T65 cartridge. Catadioptric system — A catadioptric optical system is one where refraction and reflection are combined in an optical system, usually via lenses and curved mirrors.

Catadioptric combinations are used in focusing systems such as lights, headlamps, early lighthouse focusing systems, optical telescopes, microscopes. Other optical systems use lenses and mirrors are also referred to as catadioptric such as surveillance catadioptric sensors. Catadioptric combinations have been used in many optical systems. In a French engineer, A.

Mangin, invented what has come to be called the Mangin mirror, the two surfaces of the reflector have different radii to correct the aberration of the spherical mirror. Light passes through the glass twice, making the system act like a triplet lens. Mangin mirrors were used in searchlights, where they produced a true parallel beam. Catadioptric telescopes are optical telescopes that combine specifically shaped mirrors and lenses to form an image and their designs can have simple all-spherical surfaces and can take advantage of a folded optical path that reduces the mass of the telescope, making them easier to manufacture.

Catadioptric dialytes are the earliest type of catadioptric telescope and they consist of a single-element refractor objective combined with a silver-backed negative lens. The first of these was the Hamiltonian telescope patented by W. Hamilton in , there are several telescope designs that take advantage of placing one or more full-diameter lenses in front of a spherical primary mirror. Some of these designs have been adapted to create compact, long-focal-length catadioptric cassegrains, the Schmidt corrector, the first full-diameter corrector plate, was used in Bernhard Schmidts Schmidt camera.

The relatively thin and lightweight corrector allows Schmidt cameras to be constructed in diameters up to 1. Popular sub-types Schmidt—Cassegrain telescopes are one of the most popular commercial designs on the amateur astronomical market, the design replaces the Schmidt Camera film holder with a Cassegrain secondary mirror, making a folded optical path with a long focal length and a narrow field of view. Wartime secrecy kept these inventors from knowing about each others designs, albert Bouwers built a prototype meniscus telescope in August and patented it in February It used a spherically concentric meniscus and was suitable as a monochromatic astronomical camera.

In a later design he added a cemented doublet to correct chromatic aberration, Dmitri Maksutov built a prototype for a similar type of meniscus telescope, the Maksutov telescope, in October and patented it in November of that same year. His design corrected spherical and chromatic aberrations by placing a weak negative-shaped meniscus corrector closer to the primary mirror, popular sub-types Maksutov—Cassegrain telescopes are the most commonly seen design that uses a meniscus corrector, a variant of the Maksutov telescope.

Autocannon — An autocannon or automatic cannon is a large, fully automatic, rapid-fire projectile weapon that fires armour-piercing or explosive shells, as opposed to the bullet fired by a machine gun. Autocannons often have a larger calibre than a gun, but are usually smaller than a field gun or other artillery. When used on its own, the word autocannon indicates a single-barrel weapon, when multiple rotating barrels are involved, the word rotary is added, and such a weapon is referred to as a rotary autocannon.

As such, ammunition is fed from a belt to reduce reloading or for a faster rate of fire. They can use a variety of ammunition, common shells include high-explosive dual-purpose types, any variety of armour-piercing types, both the US25 mm Bushmaster and the British 30 mm Rarden have relatively slow rates of fire so as not to use ammunition too quickly. The rate of fire of a modern autocannon ranges from 90 rounds per minute, systems with multiple barrels can have rates of fire of over 10, rounds per minute.

The first modern autocannon was the British QF1 pounder, also known as the pom-pom, during the First World War, autocannons were mostly used in the trenches as an anti-aircraft gun. Attempts to use them in aircraft failed as the severely limited both speed and altitude, thus making successful interception impossible. The more effective QF2 pounder naval gun would be developed during the war to serve as an anti-aircraft, autocannons would serve in a much greater capacity during the Second World War.

During the inter-war years, aircraft underwent an evolution and the monoplane, pioneered as far back as the end of , almost replaced wood. The subsequent increase in speed and durability greatly reduced the window of opportunity for defence and this was only reversed with the introduction of computer-controlled systems. The German Panzer II light tank, which was one of the most numerous in German service during the invasion of Poland and the campaign in France, used a 20 mm autocannon as its main armament. Although ineffective against tank armour even during the years of the war.

Larger examples, such as the 40 mm Vickers S, were mounted in ground attack aircraft to serve as an anti-tank weapon, Polish 20 mm 38 Fk auto cannon was expensive to produce, but an exception. Unlike the Oerlikon, it was effective against all the tanks fielded in , largely because it was built as an upgrade to the Oerlikon, Hispano—Suiza and it, with great difficulty, proved capable of knocking out even early Panzer IIIs and IVs. Only 55 were produced by the time of the Polish Defensive War, in aircraft, several factors brought about the replacement of rifle-calibre machine guns by autocannons.

Early autocannons were heavy and had a rate of fire. Along with the speed, the size of aircraft grew substantially, particularly in the s, so that the weight was less of an issue while the rate of fire, and reliability were greatly improved. Machine gun — A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm designed to fire bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt or magazine, typically at a rate of to rounds per minute.

Note that not all fully automatic firearms are machine guns, submachine guns, rifles, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols or cannons may be capable of fully automatic fire, but are not designed for sustained fire. Many machine guns also use belt feeding and open bolt operation, unlike semi-automatic firearms, which require one trigger pull per round fired, a machine gun is designed to fire for as long as the trigger is held down.

Nowadays the term is restricted to heavy weapons, able to provide continuous or frequent bursts of automatic fire for as long as ammunition lasts. Machine guns are used against personnel, aircraft and light vehicles, or to provide suppressive fire. Some machine guns have in practice sustained fire almost continuously for hours, because they become very hot, practically all machine guns fire from an open bolt, to permit air cooling from the breech between bursts.

They also usually have either a barrel cooling system, slow-heating heavyweight barrel, although subdivided into light, medium, heavy or general-purpose, even the lightest machine guns tend to be substantially larger and heavier than standard infantry arms. Medium and heavy guns are either mounted on a tripod or on a vehicle, when carried on foot. Medium machine guns use full-sized rifle rounds and are designed to be used from fixed positions mounted on a tripod.

The M machine gun is a crew-served weapon, Machine guns usually have simple iron sights, though the use of optics is becoming more common. Many heavy machine guns, such as the Browning M2. During the Vietnam War, Carlos Hathcock set the record for a shot at ft with a. This led to the introduction of. Unlocking and removing the spent case from the chamber and ejecting it out of the weapon as bolt is moving rearward Loading the next round into the firing chamber. Usually the recoil spring tension pushes bolt back into battery and a cam strips the new round from a feeding device, cycle is repeated as long as the trigger is activated by operator.

Releasing the trigger resets the trigger mechanism by engaging a sear so the weapon stops firing with bolt carrier fully at the rear, the operation is basically the same for all autoloading firearms, regardless of the means of activating these mechanisms. Most modern machine guns use gas-operated reloading, a recoil actuated machine gun uses the recoil to first unlock and then operate the action. Machine guns such as the M2 Browning and MG42, are of this type, a cam, lever or actuator demultiplicates the energy of the recoil to operate the bolt. Squad automatic weapon — A squad automatic weapon is a weapon used to give infantry squads or sections a portable source of automatic firepower.

Weapons used in this role are often selective fire rifles, usually fitted with a bipod, Squad automatic weapons usually fire the same cartridge as the assault rifles or battle rifles carried by other members of the unit. This reduces logistical requirements by making it necessary to supply one type of ammunition to a unit.

One of the first weapons used in this role was the Madsen machine gun, the standard machine guns of this era were of the Maxim type. Another pioneering weapon in this role was the Browning Automatic Rifle, introduced late in World War I, it remained in front-line service into the Vietnam War.

Intended originally as a rifle capable of delivering suppressing walking fire in the advance. During its long service in the US military, it was pivotal in the evolution of U. Squad automatic weapons are modified assault rifles or battle rifles that may have increased capacity and heavier barrels to withstand continued fire. The most common squad automatic weapons in use today are derived from two basic patterns, the Kalashnikov-based RPK or the purpose-designed FN Minimi, in United States usage, the M light machine gun is commonly referred to as the Squad Automatic Weapon.

All other branches use the FN Minimi for this role, medium machine gun Heavy machine gun Crew-served weapon Heavy weapons platoon. Shoulder-fired missile — A shoulder-fired missile, shoulder-launched missile or man-portable missile is a projectile fired at a target, small enough to be carried by a single person, and fired while held on ones shoulder.

The word missile in this context is used in its broad sense which encompasses all guided missiles. There are two kinds of shoulder-launched weapons, the first is the recoilless gun, which is essentially an open tube. When fired the reaction gases expelled out of the back of the weapon compensate the force exerted on the projectile, shoulder-launched weapons may be guided or unguided.

Missiles can either have a disposable launcher, or a reusable launcher, shoulder-launched weapons typically fire at one of two main target types—ground targets or air targets. Weapons for use against ground targets come in a variety of types and sizes, with smaller, unguided weapons generally used for close range combat and larger. Most of these weapons are designed for anti-tank warfare, although they are also effective against structures. Anti-aircraft weapons, known as man-portable air-defense systems, are small surface-to-air missiles and they are typically infrared homing weapons and used to target helicopters and other low-flying aircraft.

They have always been prized for the portability of their launch systems, the earliest rocket launchers documented in imperial China launched fire arrows with launchers constructed of wood, basketry, and bamboo tubes. The rocket launchers divided the fire arrows with frames meant to keep the arrows separated, textual evidence and illustrations of various early rocket launchers are found in the 11th century Southern Song Dynasty text Wujing Zongyao. The Wujing Zongyao describes a portable rocket carrier consisting of a sling. Shoulder-launched rockets have a launch tube, even if the operator is safe, there is a sizeable blast effect to their rear.

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Also, the rocket must have an ignition system. In modern systems, this is almost always a percussion cap and this system was not fully developed until the German Panzerfaust of World War II, an early one-shot design that however also was the first practical recoilless antitank-gun and thus used no rocket. The Bazooka was an early rocket-propelled development which could be reloaded, from their first conception during the First World War, many portable missiles have been used to give infantry a weapon effective against armored vehicles and fortified structures.

As such these man-portable weapons could be used to infantry units with their own anti-tank. Shoulder-launched rockets or recoilless guns are a favored anti-technical weapon and they permit otherwise lightly or poorly armed troops to destroy modern sophisticated equipment such as close air-support aircraft, helicopters, and lightly armored vehicles.

Normally, the militia plan to have two to four shooters per attacked vehicle. Grenade launcher — A grenade launcher is a weapon that fires a specially-designed large-caliber projectile, often with an explosive, smoke or gas warhead. Today, the term refers to a class of dedicated firearms firing unitary grenade cartridges.

The most common type are man-portable, shoulder-fired weapons issued to individuals, Grenade launchers can either come in the form of standalone weapons or attachments mounted to a parent firearm, usually a rifle. Larger crew-served automatic grenade launchers such as the Mk 19 are mounted on tripods or vehicles, some armored fighting vehicles also mount fixed arrays of short range, single-shot grenade launchers as a means of defense.

These devices usually fire smoke grenades to conceal the vehicle behind a screen, though can also be loaded with chaff, flares. Vehicle-mounted smoke grenade launchers are known as smoke dischargers. The earliest devices which could conceivably be referred to as grenade launchers were slings, a new method of launching grenades was developed during the First World War and used throughout the Second. The disadvantage of this method is that when a soldier wants to launch a grenade, if they are surprised by a close-range threat while preparing to fire the grenade, they have to reverse the procedure before they can respond with rifle fire.

Due to the lack of a barrel, rifle grenades also tend to be difficult to fire accurately compared to underbarrel or standalone designs. One of the first examples of a dedicated breech-loading launcher for unitary explosive grenade rounds was the M79 grenade launcher, the goal for the M79 was the production of a device with greater range than a rifle grenade but more portable than a mortar. Such single-shot devices were replaced in military service with underbarrel grenade launchers. Single shot launchers are still commonly used in riot control operations.

This reduces the weight the soldier must carry by eliminating the grenade launchers buttstock, underbarrel 40mm grenade launchers generally have their own trigger group, to fire, one simply changes grips, disengages the safety, and pulls the trigger. Modern launchers often have the option of mounting more sophisticated aiming systems, such as ballistic rangefinders, one AAI submission for SPIW mounted a simple single-action, single-shot breech-loading underbarrel grenade launcher in lieu of the required semi-automatic multi-shot device.

With refinement, this was adopted as the M grenade launcher in , a variety of lengths of M are available along with numerous parts kits to fit it to various rifles aside from the AR15 pattern weapons it was designed for. Further developments led to the GP series of grenade launchers, an automatic grenade launcher or grenade machine gun is a crew-served support weapon which fires explosive rounds in quick succession from an ammunition belt or large-capacity magazine.

Recoilless rifle — This allows for the elimination of much of the heavy and bulky recoiling mechanisms of a conventional cannon while still enabling the unit to fire a powerful projectile. Besides this, the pressures involved allow thinner walled and lighter tubes. Technically, only devices that use a barrel are recoilless rifles. This distinction is often lost, and both are often called recoilless rifles, though it is similar in form and appearance to a rocket launcher, it fires modified artillery shells, not rockets.

Nevertheless, there are also boost-after-launch rocket-propelled projectiles available for modern recoilless rifles, the typical recoilless gun functions very much like a conventional gun. The projectile and propellant are supplied as a round and loaded into the breech. Despite the name, it is rare for the forces to completely balance, conversely, if a projectile becomes lodged in the barrel for any reason, the entire weapon will recoil forward, in the manner of a rocket. Unlike a rocket launcher, which fires fin-stabilized rockets from a smooth bore and they generally have a pre-engraved rifling band to engage the rifled launch tube, spin-stabilizing the projectile, hence the term rifle.

The case area of the shell can be perforated to vent the propellant gases, on firing, the propellant expands rapidly, pushing the pistons outward. This pushes the projectile forwards towards the target and the countermass backwards providing the recoilless effect, the shredded plastic countermass is quickly slowed by air resistance and is harmless at a distance more than a few feet from the breech. The pistons jam at the ends of the barrel, trapping the hot propellant gases inside, all this allows safe firing in enclosed spaces.

The first recoilless gun was developed by Commander Cleland Davis of the US Navy and his design, named the Davis gun, connected two guns back-to-back, with the backwards-facing gun loaded with lead balls and grease of the same weight as the shell in the other gun. In the s, many different types of weapons were built, some of the smaller examples were tested in aircraft and saw some limited production and service, but development was abandoned around The best-known of these early recoilless rifles was the Model mm DRP designed by Leonid Kurchevsky, a small number of these mounted on trucks saw combat in the Winter War.

Two were captured by the Finns and tested, one example was given to the Germans in , the 75 was found to be so useful during the invasion of Crete that a larger mm version was developed on the same basic pattern. The US did have a development program, and it is not clear to what extent the design was copied, as there were, in fact, differences. Reticle — Today, engraved lines or embedded fibers may be replaced by a computer-generated image superimposed on a screen or eyepiece.

There are many variations of reticles, this article concerns itself mainly with a simple reticle, crosshairs.

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The reticle is said to have been invented by Robert Hooke, another candidate as inventor is the amateur astronomer William Gascoigne, who predated Hooke. Telescopic sights for firearms, generally just called scopes, are probably the device most often associated with crosshairs, motion pictures and the media often use a view through crosshairs as a dramatic device, which has given crosshairs wide cultural exposure.

Thicker bars are easier to discern against a complex background. The most popular types of cross-hair in modern scopes are variants on the duplex cross-hair, with bars that are thick on the perimeter, the thick bars allow the eye to quickly locate the center of the reticle, and the thin lines in the center allow for precision aiming. This enables an experienced shooter to deduce the range within an acceptable error limit, originally crosshairs were constructed out of hair or spiderweb, these materials being sufficiently thin and strong.

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Many modern scopes use wire crosshairs, which can be flattened to various degrees to change the width and these wires are usually silver in color, but appear black when backlit by the image passing through the scopes optics. The advantage of wire crosshairs is that they are tough and durable.

The first suggestion for etched glass reticles was made by Philippe de La Hire in and his method was based on engraving the lines on a glass plate with a diamond point. Many modern crosshairs are actually etched onto a plate of glass. Reticles may be illuminated, either by a plastic or fiber optic light pipe collecting ambient light or, in low light conditions, a graticule is another term for reticle, frequently encountered in British and British military technical manuals, and came into common use during World War One.

The reticle may be located at the front or rear focal plane of the telescopic sight, american and European high end optics manufacturers often leave the customer the choice between a FFP or SFP mounted reticle. Collimated reticles are created using refractive or reflective optical collimators to generate an image of an illuminated or reflective reticle. The use of a hologram also eliminates the need for image dimming narrow band reflective coatings, a downside to the holographic weapon sight can be the weight and shorter battery life.

Aimpoint AB — Aimpoint AB is a Swedish optics company manufacturing red dot sights for civilian, police and military use. The most popular model is the CompM2, currently used by armed forces around the world.

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Their primary products are reflector sights, specifically the red dot sight sub-type, in they introduced their first commercial product, the Aimpoint Electronic red dot sight, based on a design by Helsingborg engineer John Arne Ingemund Ekstrand. This is claimed to be the first light-emitting diode red dot reflector sight ever manufactured and they currently offer many product lines based on this technology as well as accessories.

Aimpoint currently sells a line of red dot sights marketed to hunters, marksmen, law-enforcement agencies. More than , Aimpoint sights are in service today. All of their products use non-magnifying optical collimators along with battery powered light-emitting diodes to produce a red aiming point, some models come in sub-types with lenses added to give them a low magnification.


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Some sights also offer some correction for parallax via having the aiming dot focused at a distance of 50 yards, Aimpoint markets their sights as parallax free, but this seems to refer to their off-axis spherical aberration correction system. Aimpoints, like all other collimated sight systems, induce some parallax at different ranges due to the nature of the collimator.

Available in 2 MOA model with a life of 30, hours. The solid rocket propulsion unit was developed in the newly formed Rohm and Haas research laboratory at Redstone Arsenal in , then the system was designed by Paul V. American production of the weapon began by Hesse-Eastern in , and was terminated by , currently it is produced by Nammo Raufoss AS in Norway and their subsidiary Nammo Talley, Inc. It was subsequently adopted by the U.


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