An Old-Fashioned Girl in a Century of Change: The Story of Isabel Anne, Scriptural Wife and Mother as Seen in Her Letters and Journals and in Her Hus.
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On the death certificate, the cause of death was given as diarrhoea and cholera, although Hughes hypothesises that Samuel senior had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the condition on to his wife, which would have infected his son.
While coping with the loss of her child, Isabella continued to work at The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. Although she was not a regular cook, she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources. A request to receive the readers' own recipes led to over 2, being sent in, which were selected and edited by the Beetons. Published works were also copied, largely unattributed to any of the sources. Forman, in their examination of Victorian cooking culture, consider that the plagiarism makes it "an important index of mid-Victorian and middle-class society" because the production of the text from its own readers ensures that it is a reflection of what was actually being cooked and eaten at the time.
Therefore my advice would be compile a book from receipts from a Variety of the Best Books published on Cookery and Heaven knows there is a great variety for you to choose from. The Beetons partly followed the layout of Acton's recipes, although with a major alteration: During the particularly bitter winter of —59 Isabella prepared her own soup that she served to the poor of Pinner, "Soup for benevolent purposes"; [f] her sister later recalled that Isabella "was busy making [the] soup for the poor, and the children used to call with their cans regularly to be refilled".
As early as the Beetons had considered using the magazine columns as the basis of a book of collected recipes and homecare advice, Hughes believes, [51] and in November they launched a series of page monthly supplements with The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. The Beetons decided to revamp The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine , particularly the fashion column, which the historian Graham Nown describes as "a rather drab piece". The Beetons came to an agreement with Goubaud for the Frenchman to provide patterns and illustrations for their magazine.
The first edition to carry the new feature appeared on 1 May, six weeks after the couple returned from Paris. For the redesigned magazine, Samuel was joined as editor by Isabella, who was described as "Editress". Isabella brought an efficiency and strong business acumen to Samuel's normally disorganised and financially wasteful approach. The Beetons enjoyed the sightseeing, although on the days it rained, they stayed inside their hotel and worked on the next edition of The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine.
The complete version of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management , consisting of the 24 collected monthly instalments, was published on 1 October ; [66] [67] [i] it became one of the major publishing events of the nineteenth century. Although not an innovation—it had been used in The Family Friend magazine since —Hughes considers the index in the Book of Household Management to be "fabulously detailed and exhaustively cross-referenced".
The remainder provided advice on fashion, child care, animal husbandry , poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, first aid and the importance in the use of local and seasonal produce. The reviews for Book of Household Management were positive. The critic for the London Evening Standard considered that Isabella had earned herself a household reputation, remarking that she had "succeeded in producing a volume which will be, for years to come, a treasure to be made much of in every English household".
She may safely predict that this book will in future take precedence of every other on the same subject. His hubris in business affairs brought on financial difficulties and in early the couple had moved from their comfortable Pinner house to premises over their office. The air of central London was not conducive to the health of the Beetons' son, and he began to ail.
Three days after Christmas his health worsened and he died on New Year's Eve at the age of three; his death certificate gave the cause as "suppressed scarlatina" and "laryngitis". In the middle of the Beetons again visited the Goubauds in Paris—the couple's third visit to the city—and Isabella was pregnant during the visit, just as she had been the previous year. Isabella was buried at West Norwood Cemetery on 11 February. Her works speak for themselves; and, although taken from this world in the very height and strength, and in the early days of womanhood, she felt satisfaction—so great to all who strive with good intent and warm will—of knowing herself regarded with respect and gratitude.
Isabella and her main work have been subjected to criticism over the course of the twentieth century. Despite the criticism, Clausen observes that "'Mrs. Beeton' became a trade mark, a brand name". In Isabella's "attempt to educate the average reader about common medical complaints and their management", Koh argues, "she preceded the family health guides of today".
Following the radio broadcast of Meet Mrs. Beeton , a comedy in which Samuel was portrayed in an unflattering light, [m] and Mrs Beeton , a documentary, [n] Mayston Beeton worked with H. Montgomery Hyde to produce the biography Mr and Mrs Beeton , although completion and publication were delayed until In the new edition Spain hinted at, but did not elucidate upon, on the possibility that Samuel contracted syphilis.
There have been several television broadcasts about Isabella. In Margaret Tyzack portrayed her in a solo performance written by Rosemary Hill , [] in Anna Madeley played Isabella in a docudrama , [] and Sophie Dahl presented a documentary, The Marvellous Mrs Beeton , in the same year. The literary historian Kate Thomas sees Isabella as "a powerful force in the making of middle-class Victorian domesticity", [] while the Oxford University Press , advertising an abridged edition of the Book of Household Management , considers Isabella's work a "founding text" [] and "a force in shaping" the middle-class identity of the Victorian era.
Yet in her lively, progressive way, she helped many women to overcome the loneliness of marriage and gave the family the importance it deserved. In the climate of her time she was brave, strong-minded and a tireless champion of her sisters everywhere. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. I must frankly own, that if I had known, beforehand, that this book would have cost me the labour which it has, I should never have been courageous enough to commence it. His father, unhappy with the implication—condoms tended to only be used by prostitutes' clients—sent his son away for an apprenticeship with the merchant navy.
The Beetons' elder son, Orchart, went on to a career in the army; both died in Beeton , written by L. Archived from the original on 5 January Retrieved 27 November Situating Food and Drink in the Nineteenth Century". Victorian Literature and Culture. Dining with Mrs Beeton". Retrieved 1 December The Women's Review of Books. With the Help of Dr. Archived from the original on 7 January Retrieved 7 January Management as 'Everything in its Place ' ".
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Genome Radio Times — Retrieved 2 December Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton". Archived from the original on 2 November Allen, Rob; van den Berg, Thijs Serialization in Popular Culture. New York and Abingdon, Oxon: Aylett, Mary; Ordish, Olive Between three and four in the afternoon, Anne gave birth to a girl, who was christened Elizabeth , probably in honour of either or both Anne's mother Elizabeth Howard and Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York.
All but one of the royal physicians and astrologers had predicted a son for them and the French king had already been asked to stand as his godfather. Now the prepared letters announcing the birth of a prince had an s hastily added to them to read princes[s] and the traditional jousting tournament for the birth of an heir was cancelled. Nevertheless, the infant princess was given a splendid christening, but Anne feared that Catherine's daughter, Mary , now stripped of her title of princess and labelled a bastard , posed a threat to Elizabeth's position.
Henry soothed his wife's fears by separating Mary from her many servants and sending her to Hatfield House , where Princess Elizabeth would be living with her own sizeable staff of servants, and where the country air was thought better for the baby's health. The new queen had a larger staff of servants than Catherine. There were more than servants to tend to her personal needs, everyone from priests to stable-boys, and more than 60 maids-of-honour who served her and accompanied her to social events.
She also employed several priests who acted as her confessors , chaplains, and religious advisers. One of these was Matthew Parker , who would become one of the chief architects of Anglican thought during the reign of Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I. The king and his new queen enjoyed a reasonably happy accord with periods of calm and affection.
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- Anne Boleyn.
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Anne Boleyn's sharp intelligence, political acumen and forward manners, although desirable in a mistress, were, at the time, unacceptable in a wife. She was once reported to have spoken to her uncle in words that "shouldn't be used to a dog". By October, she was again pregnant. Anne Boleyn presided over a magnificent court. She spent lavish amounts of money on gowns, jewels, head-dresses, ostrich-feather fans, riding equipment, furniture and upholstery, maintaining the ostentatious display required by her status.
Numerous palaces were renovated to suit her and Henry's extravagant tastes. Anne was blamed for the tyranny of her husband's government and was referred to by some of her subjects as "The king's whore" or a "naughty paike [prostitute]". On 8 January , news of Catherine of Aragon's death reached the King and Anne, who were overjoyed. The following day, Henry and Anne wore yellow, the symbol of joy and celebration in England, from head to toe, and celebrated Catherine's death with festivities.
With Mary's mother dead, Anne attempted to make peace with her. These began after the discovery during her embalming that Catherine's heart was blackened. Modern medical experts are in agreement that this was not the result of poisoning, but of cancer of the heart , an extremely rare condition which was not understood at the time.
The Queen, pregnant again, was aware of the dangers if she failed to give birth to a son. With Catherine dead, Henry would be free to marry without any taint of illegality. At this time Henry began paying court to Jane Seymour. He gave her a locket with a miniature portrait of himself inside and Jane, in the presence of Anne, began opening and shutting it.
Anne responded by ripping off the locket with such force her fingers bled. Later that month, the King was unhorsed in a tournament and knocked unconscious for two hours, a worrying incident that Anne believed led to her miscarriage five days later. Whatever the cause, on the day that Catherine of Aragon was buried at Peterborough Abbey , Anne miscarried a baby which, according to the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys , she had borne for about three and a half months, and which "seemed to be a male child".
Given Henry's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the male child she miscarried in His new mistress, Jane Seymour , was quickly moved into royal quarters.
This was followed by Anne's brother George being refused a prestigious court honour, the Order of the Garter , given instead to Sir Nicholas Carew. Anne's biographer Eric Ives and most other historians believe that her fall and execution were primarily engineered by her former ally Thomas Cromwell. Anne argued with Cromwell over the redistribution of Church revenues and over foreign policy. She advocated that revenues be distributed to charitable and educational institutions; and she favoured a French alliance. Cromwell insisted on filling the King's depleted coffers, while taking a cut for himself, and preferred an imperial alliance.
Cromwell became involved in the royal marital drama only when Henry ordered him onto the case. Such a bold attempt by Cromwell, given the limited evidence, could have risked his office, even his life. He initially denied being the Queen's lover but later confessed, perhaps tortured or promised freedom. Another courtier, Henry Norris , was arrested on May Day , but being an aristocrat, could not be tortured. Prior to his arrest, Norris was treated kindly by the King, who offered him his own horse to use on the May Day festivities. It seems likely that during the festivities, the King was notified of Smeaton's confession and it was shortly thereafter the alleged conspirators were arrested upon his orders.
Norris denied his guilt and swore that Queen Anne was innocent; one of the most damaging pieces of evidence against Norris was an overheard conversation with Anne at the end of April, where she accused him of coming often to her chambers not to pay court to her lady-in-waiting Madge Shelton but to herself.
Sir Thomas Wyatt , a poet and friend of the Boleyns who was allegedly infatuated with her before her marriage to the king, was also imprisoned for the same charge but later released, most likely due to his or his family's friendship with Cromwell. Sir Richard Page was also accused of having a sexual relationship with the Queen, but he was acquitted of all charges after further investigation could not implicate him with Anne. November at Whitehall and the following month at Eltham. On 2 May , Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London by barge.
In the Tower, she collapsed, demanding to know the location of her father and "swete broder", as well as the charges against her. Your Grace's displeasure, and my imprisonment are things so strange unto me, as what to write, or what to excuse, I am altogether ignorant. Whereas you send unto me willing me to confess a truth, and so obtain your favour by such an one, whom you know to be my ancient professed enemy. I no sooner received this message by him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty perform your demand.
But let not your Grace ever imagine, that your poor wife will ever be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought thereof preceded. And to speak a truth, never prince had wife more loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in Anne Boleyn: Neither did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received Queenship, but that I always looked for such an alteration as I now find; for the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your Grace's fancy, the least alteration I knew was fit and sufficient to draw that fancy to some other object.
You have chosen me, from a low estate, to be your Queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire. If then you found me worthy of such honour, good your Grace let not any light fancy, or bad council of mine enemies, withdraw your princely favour from me; neither let that stain, that unworthy stain, of a disloyal heart toward your good grace, ever cast so foul a blot on your most dutiful wife, and the infant-princess your daughter.
Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges; yea let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open flame; then shall you see either my innocence cleared, your suspicion and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared.
So that whatsoever God or you may determine of me, your grace may be freed of an open censure, and mine offense being so lawfully proved, your grace is at liberty, both before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an unlawful wife, but to follow your affection, already settled on that party, for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some good while since have pointed unto, your Grace being not ignorant of my suspicion therein.
But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an infamous slander must bring you the enjoying of your desired happiness; then I desire of God, that he will pardon your great sin therein, and likewise mine enemies, the instruments thereof, and that he will not call you to a strict account of your unprincely and cruel usage of me, at his general judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear, and in whose judgment I doubt not whatsoever the world may think of me mine innocence shall be openly known, and sufficiently cleared.
My last and only request shall be, that myself may only bear the burden of your Grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, who as I understand are likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake. If ever I found favour in your sight, if ever the name of Anne Boleyn hath been pleasing in your ears, then let me obtain this request, and I will so leave to trouble your Grace any further, with mine earnest prayers to the Trinity to have your Grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions.
From my doleful prison in the Tower, this sixth of May;. Four of the accused men were tried in Westminster on 12 May Weston, Brereton, and Norris publicly maintained their innocence and only the tortured Smeaton supported the Crown by pleading guilty. Three days later, Anne and George Boleyn were tried separately in the Tower of London, before a jury of 27 peers. She was accused of adultery , incest, and high treason. The other form of treason alleged against her was that of plotting the king's death, with her "lovers", so that she might later marry Henry Norris.
When the verdict was announced, he collapsed and had to be carried from the courtroom. He died childless eight months later and was succeeded by his nephew. According to a legal review by Schauer and Schauer, "there is little if any evidence, apart from Smeaton's possible torture, that the rules of the time were in any way bent in order to assure Anne Boleyn's conviction". On 14 May, Cranmer declared Anne's marriage to Henry null and void. Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death.
George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May William Kingston , the Constable of the Tower , reported Anne seemed very happy and ready to be done with life. Henry commuted Anne's sentence from burning to beheading, and rather than have a queen beheaded with the common axe, he brought an expert swordsman from Saint-Omer in France, to perform the execution. On the morning of 19 May, Kingston wrote:.
This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innocency alway to be clear. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, 'Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain. And then she said, 'I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,' and then put her hands about it, laughing heartily.
I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight. Her impending death may have caused her great sorrow for some time during her imprisonment. The poem " Oh Death Rock Me Asleep " is generally believed to have been authored by Anne and reveals that she may have hoped death would end her suffering. Shortly before dawn, she called Kingston to hear mass with her, and swore in his presence, on the eternal salvation of her soul, upon the Holy Sacraments , that she had never been unfaithful to the king.
She ritually repeated this oath both immediately before and after receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist. On the morning of Friday, 19 May, Anne Boleyn was executed within the Tower precincts, not upon the site of the execution memorial, but rather, according to historian Eric Ives, on a scaffold erected on the north side of the White Tower , in front of what is now the Waterloo Barracks. Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it.
I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul. This version of her speech is found in Foxe 's Actes and Monuments [] and an almost identical version in Ives She gracefully addressed the people from the scaffold with a voice somewhat overcome by weakness, but which gathered strength as she went on.
She begged her hearers to forgive her if she had not used them all with becoming gentleness, and asked for their prayers. It was needless, she said, to relate why she was there, but she prayed the Judge of all the world to have compassion on those who had condemned her, and she begged them to pray for the King, in whom she had always found great kindness, fear of God, and love of his subjects. The spectators could not refrain from tears. Lancelot de Carle, a secretary to the French Ambassador, Antoine de Castelnau , was in London in May , [] and was an eyewitness to her trial and execution.
It is thought that Anne avoided criticising Henry to save Elizabeth and her family from further consequences, but even under such extreme pressure Anne did not confess guilt, and indeed subtly implied her innocence, in her appeal to those who might "meddle of my cause". The ermine mantle was removed and Anne lifted off her headdress, tucking her hair under a coif. The execution consisted of a single stroke.
Most of the King's Council were also present. He made no serious attempt to save Anne's life, although some sources record that he had prepared her for death by hearing her last private confession of sins, in which she had stated her innocence before God. She was then buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. Her skeleton was identified during renovations of the chapel in , in the reign of Queen Victoria , and Anne's grave is now identified on the marble floor. Nicholas Sander , a Catholic recusant born c.
In his De Origine ac Progressu schismatis Anglicani The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism , published in , he was the first to write that Anne had six fingers on her right hand. Her frame was described as delicate, approximately 5'3", with finely formed, tapering fingers. Anne Boleyn was described by contemporaries as intelligent and gifted in musical arts and scholarly pursuits. She was also strong-willed and proud, and often quarrelled with Henry. To us she appears inconsistent—religious yet aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with the light touch of the courtier yet the strong grip of the politician—but is this what she was, or merely what we strain to see through the opacity of the evidence?
As for her inner life, short of a miraculous cache of new material, we shall never really know. Yet what does come to us across the centuries is the impression of a person who is strangely appealing to the early 21st century: A woman in her own right—taken on her own terms in a man's world; a woman who mobilised her education, her style and her presence to outweigh the disadvantages of her sex; of only moderate good looks, but taking a court and a king by storm.
Perhaps, in the end, it is Thomas Cromwell's assessment that comes nearest: No contemporary portraits of Anne Boleyn survive. A bust of her was cast on a commemorative medallion in , believed to have been struck to celebrate her second pregnancy. Following the coronation of her daughter as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism and that God had provided proof of her innocence and virtue by making sure her daughter Elizabeth I ascended the throne.
An example of Anne's direct influence in the reformed church is what Alexander Ales described to Queen Elizabeth as the "evangelical bishops whom your holy mother appointed from among those scholars who favoured the purer doctrine". As a result, she has remained in the popular memory and has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had. Because of Anne's early exposure to court life, she had powerful influences around her for most of her life.
These early influences were mostly aristocratic women, who were engaged with art, history, and religion. Eric Ives described the women around Anne as "aristocratic women seeking spiritual fulfillment". These women along with Anne's immediate family members, such as her father Thomas Boleyn , may have had large influences on Anne's personal faith. Another clue into Anne's personal faith could be found in Anne's book of hours , in which she wrote, " le temps viendra " ["the time will come"].
Alongside this inscription she drew an astrolabe , which at the time was a symbol of the Renaissance. The inscription implies that Anne was a Renaissance woman, exposed to new ideas and thoughts relating to her faith since it was written in her book of hours. Anne Boleyn's last words before her beheading was a prayer for her salvation, her king, and her country.
She said, "Good Christian people! I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law, I am judged to death; and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I come hither to accuse no man, nor to any thing of that whereof I am accused and condemned to die; but I pray God save the king, and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler, or a more merciful prince was there never; and to me he was ever a good, a gentle, and a sovereign lord..
Foxe also believed a sign of her good faith was God's blessing unto Anne's offspring, Elizabeth I , and allowing her daughter to prosper as queen. Many legends and fantastic stories about Anne Boleyn have survived over the centuries. One is that she was secretly buried in Salle Church in Norfolk under a black slab near the tombs of her ancestors. This legend was often told for the benefit of foreign travellers. In , Major General J.
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Dundas of the 60th Rifles regiment was quartered in the Tower of London. As he was looking out the window of his quarters, he noticed a guard below in the courtyard, in front of the lodgings where Anne had been imprisoned, behaving strangely. He appeared to challenge something, which to the General "looked like a whitish, female figure sliding towards the soldier".
The guard charged through the form with his bayonet, then fainted. Only the General's testimony and corroboration at the court-martial saved the guard from a lengthy prison sentence for having fainted while on duty. Pakenham-Walsh , vicar of Sulgrave , Northamptonshire, reported having conversations with Anne. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other people named Anne Boleyn, see Anne Boleyn disambiguation. Late Elizabethan portrait, possibly derived from a lost original of —36 [1]. Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn. Ancestors of Anne Boleyn Sir Geoffrey Boleyn —? Sir Geoffrey Boleyn —c.
Sir William Boleyn ? Thomas Hoo, 1st Baron Hoo and Hastings? James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond — Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond —? Joan Beauchamp — 5. Lady Margaret Butler c. Sir Richard Hankford — Lady Anne de Montagu — 1. Sir Robert Howard of Tendring? John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk — Lady Margaret de Mowbray 6.
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Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk — Sir William Moleyns — Catherine Moleyns — Lady Elizabeth Howard — [] Sir Frederick Tilney Elizabeth Tilney before — [] Biography portal England portal Anglicanism portal. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn".
Archived from the original on 1 November Retrieved 26 April Retrieved 2 November The 16th-century author William Camden inscribed a date of birth of in the margin of his Miscellany. The date was generally favoured until the late nineteenth century: Confessions of a Ci-devant. Retrieved 19 December For a masterful re-evaluation of Anne's religious beliefs, see Ives, pp. The King and His Court. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Contemporary documents call her marquess or lady marquess of Pembroke; this reflects Tudor spelling. A male peer was Marquys , marquoys , marquess and so on; his wife would be marquess , marquesse , marquisess and so on, the same ending as Duchess ; the resulting confusion was sometimes clarified by such phrases as lady marquess ; the modern distinction, by which the wife is Marchioness , was imported from Latin in her daughter's reign.
A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. William Tyndale, a Biography. Six Wives, , p. Retrieved 27 November A Treasure of Royal Scandals , p. Penguin Books, New York. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. The Creation of Anne Boleyn. See also Starkey, pp. Schofield claims that evidence for the power struggle between Anne and Cromwell which "now dominates many modern accounts of Anne's last weeks" comprises "fly-by-night stories from Alesius and the Spanish Chronicle , words of Chapuys taken out of context and an untrustworthy translation of the Calendar of State Papers.
Schauer and Frederick Schauer". O Death Rock Me Asleep.
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The Misadventures of Moppet. Retrieved 15 December John Guy contends that Crispin de Milherve, who was an eyewitness to Anne Boleyn's trial and execution, and Lancelot de Carle have been shown by French scholars to be the same person. Warner Paperback Library Edition. Retrieved 14 April The Life and death of Anne Boleyn. The Anne Boleyn Files. Retrieved May 7, Retrieved May 14, Retrieved 19 May Nelson's Duchy, A Sicilian Anomaly. Retrieved 7 July The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 October The Boleyn Women , Amberley Publishing. The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe.
The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: