Computers in Broadcast and Cable Newsrooms: Using Technology in Television News Production (Routledge Communication Series) [Phillip O. Keirstead] on.
Table of contents
Tabloid style news packaging devices, according to Graber The news wires obtained the story and provided only written scripts. The TV news translator had to utilize many archival pictures of the named individuals, superimpose text on pictures and simultaneously present two visual scenes to illustrate contrast and reinforce audience memory. TV news translators not only translate but also carry out tasks generally associated with what journalists do. The advent of market-driven journalism allows larger space for manipulation and intervention in the production of news reports.
The role of TV news translators is moving closer to that of journalists. It is argued that previous research in the field of news translation has reflected a disconnect between the way people on the job and academics view TV news translation. Some translation researchers Gambier ; ; Gambier and Gottlieb strongly emphasize the significance of the visual code as a point of departure from earlier discussions of written translation, which involve only the verbal code.
Although extremely useful in enabling us to understand the interplay among various codes, these studies did not adequately focus on the pluralistic and hybrid nature of the verbal and the visual sources that are connected with TV news production. The fundamental difference is that the footage that is used for TV news translation can be derived from multiple sources e.
There are instances in which a news translator writes a story that is built on various verbal-only source texts. The finished written item is then transformed from a target text to a source text, on the basis of which the footage is selected. After the verbal text is read as a voice-over and edited with the selected picture, the text becomes another target text that is recorded on a tape ready for broadcast.
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Hence, it can be confusing to view TV news translation based on the binary opposition of source and target text, which is a basic premise of translation. The dichotomy is even more blurred in this context, in which principally any material can become a source text, and a broadcast item need not be a rewrite or a translation of any source. On the other end of the spectrum of news selection, the item that involved former US President George W. Bush on September 4, , on his arrival at the APEC summit and his meetings with world leaders to discuss major economic and security issues was typical hard political news, in which, according to Bell Senior TV news translator A explains as follows:.
The dramatization of news is further intensified in the hands of the news translator to cater to the news market in Taiwan — another manifestation of the prevalent journalistic practice of supplying infotainment to the audience. The CNN journalist began the story as follows: But when the president of the United States has a bad day, the whole world sees. Debates on various perspectives for and against tabloid media are beyond the scope of this paper.
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The neglect of the changing role of news translation in the current of infotainment is intriguing because news translators determine how international news is re-shaped and re-presented in a news market such as Taiwan. On May 7, , Nicholas Sarkozy emerged as the winner of the presidential election in France. The news translator at FTV produced a comprehensive news item detailing the election, the political effect and reactions from voters based on multiple wire scripts and network reports. Sarkozy has been a newsmaker since he took office.
The news translator produced a major story in addition to a complementary second report on his prior affairs with various women. The idea of market journalism informs the editorial selection process. As the former section chief of the International News Center of FTV, I was once informed at an editorial meeting that the hot air balloon festival in Switzerland would be more highly valued in the marketplace than the war in Chechnya.
TV news translators oscillate between what is eye-catching and what the audience needs to know about world affairs. The contention of Thussu This obsession with ratings is also reflected in the writing style of news translation in which news content is diluted to render it more similar to entertainment. In discussing the link between sensationalism and TV news translation, one must inquire as to who renders the news as sensational.
There are two angles in answering this question: A news translator either follows the same trajectory or enhances its volume and degree of sensationalism. When working with a series of feature reports by CNN correspondent Jeanne Moos, a TV news translator essentially follows her storylines and angles. The real issue that the TV news translator encounters here is the question of how to select two or three funny bits out of many aspects.
Second, a news story may initially be categorized as soft news with limited traces of sensationalism but becomes sensationalized due to manipulation on the part of a TV news translator. The treatment of news may vary according to cultural differences or journalistic practices, but Taiwanese conventions do not involve keeping the audience in suspense until the end of the story.
However, the more interesting aspect involves the manner in which news is prioritized.
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The Chief news coordinator described the rule as follows:. Compliance with this rule involves a large-scale reorganization of scripts and, most of all, the proper utilization of explosive and compelling natural sound and sound bites in the very beginning of a news story.
The first seven and a half seconds are not necessarily the most important part of a news story but are certainly the most eye-catching aspects. Rather than following the order of the original scripts and raw footage, the TV news translator used the natural sound of ex-hostages crying in the arms of their families and the sound bite of their joint apology to the people of South Korea to lead the story, followed by the latest developments and background of the incident. The report was apparently emotionally arousing.
Grabe, Zhou et al. The next section further examines the manipulation by a TV news translator in the translation of a CNN report.
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Special references are made to highlight the influence of market-driven journalism on TV news translation. Following the previous discussion of market-driven journalism and the changing profile of TV news translators, this section explores further how the source texts are processed into final broadcast news. Moos has a unique manner of telling a story. Her reports frequently involve more embedded sound bites to parallel her voice-over and more culture-specific elements in addition to complex professional editing techniques, all of which increase the difficulty of altering the package in the process of news translation.
This hurricane piece, which was covered during the period in which Mexico and many Central and Southern American countries were battered by heavy storms in August , offers a good example of how a text is transformed by a TV news translator. This original CNN report and its Chinese broadcast version are constructed based on the storytelling and attractions modes of communication.
Although a single source text is not common in TV news translation, the hurricane report was processed based on only one source, which was the original Moos report that aired on CNN. The only difference is that the transcript of the hurricane report see Appendix was not accompanied by the packaged report that aired on TV. The news translator could rely on only the taped report to write the story in Chinese. Note that a comparison between the source transcript which arrived at a later time and the final report must consider several factors, such as the evanescent nature of spoken discourses, the difference between writing a story with a written script in front of a news translator and without such a script, and the time factor.
Seleskovitch and Lederer reiterate the relationship between the oral and the written below:. Rather, this audience listens to the report. The Moos report of one minute and fifty-seven seconds was reduced to one minute and fifteen seconds with the first ten seconds and the final thirty-two seconds removed from the final Chinese version. This reduction does not mean that the remaining one minute and fifteen seconds is a reproduction of the remainder of the original report. Furthermore, among the eleven sound bites that Moos used, only five sound bites were selected for inclusion.
As the story was a CNN broadcast, the lead read was performed by the CNN presenter and is transcribed as follows see also the Appendix:. When the audience in Taiwan heard the lead in Chinese, it sounded quite different:. This lead likely cannot be precisely called a translation because the news translator actually wrote his own lead in this specific case and because the writing was not based on the original lead. The translator was writing to the pictures and sound. Given that TV journalists commonly make such efforts in Taiwan when reporting news pertaining to typhoons, the news translator was attempting to relate the audience to the hurricane context in Mexico.
Moos used rapid editing of films and narration. With this fast-paced and entertaining beginning in terms of both verbal and visual presentation, Moos attracted the attention of the audience. However, this narration and these sound bites see 1. The source text mentioned that journalists sometimes work as a human billboard demonstrating the meaning of windy see 1.
Except for the human billboard phrase, the entire section 1. Before introducing a dramatic film segment of two journalists competing with the gales in a prior report on Hurricane Wilma, Moos continued her narration and inserted one sound bite see 1.
Using Technology in Television News Production
This Chinese narration was followed by a ten-second engaging footage along with the sound bites of two men struggling in the gales see 1. In the final thirty-two seconds of the original report see 1. Despite the intriguing narration accompanied by vivid footage for thirty-two seconds, the news translator removed this entire portion and replaced it with the following to end the report:. As mentioned earlier, only five sound bites were chosen for inclusion in the Chinese version. The final sound bite, which was followed by However, these live reports are no big deal compared with the one on Hurricane Wilma covered by the NBC journalists, who were virtually risking their life for the story , see note 7 and preceded the ending paragraph above, illustrates how the two journalists struggled to fight the gales with their microphones in hand.
This explains why the above narration begins with Did you just see that? The sound bites in this hurricane report were selectively removed. This choice of sound bites also accounts for the deletions and permutations of sound bites as observed in this cast. The TV news translator in this example resorted to the storytelling mode of communication with a view to establishing an intimate dialogue with the audience and generating higher viewership.
Rather than following the conventional schematic and thematic structure of news discourse, the discourse of this piece is sometimes erratic. Interestingly, the erratic and imaginative construction of the news story distinguishes the story from other news reports. Drastic changes were made throughout the text.
Deletions operated on the basis that the original report was excessively long for broadcast news in Taiwan. The numerous examples that Moos used to describe the similar context simply did not fit into a standard one minute and fifteen second item. This explanation calls to mind the suggestion of van Dijk that transformations of source texts are governed by both event and situation models as well as constraints of newsmaking routines, content and structure.
For instance, consider the final part of the original report. The news translator had thought that the link to an insurance company was not particularly necessary and chose to end his report by placing more emphasis on the final dramatic sound bite and its accompanying pictures and by adding his personal comments: The effect of this type of live report is definitely much more convincing than any other types of verbal reporting.
According to van Dijk Gathering Up the Bits and Pieces. Computers in the Control Room. Managing a Computerized Newsroom. The Routledge Communication Series covers the breadth of the communication discipline, from interpersonal communication to public relations, offering textbooks, handbooks, and scholarly reference materials.
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